001110

Flood, G. 1976. Nomadism and its future: The Afar. In: Hussein, A.M. (ed.) Drought and famine in Ethiopia, p. 64-66. IAI African Environment Special Report (UK), no. 2. International African Inst., London (UK).

Note on the effect of the 1973 famine on the living conditions of the Afar in the Awash valley.

Descriptors: ETHIOPIA; AFAR ETHNIC GROUP; NOMADISM; AWASH VALLEY.
 

001111

Anon. 1977. Drought in Africa. (La secheresse en Afrique). Economist (UK), v.263: p. 78-79.

Review of the 1974 drought in sub-Saharan Africa and the disaster caused to nomads and their livestock.

Descriptors: AFRICA; DROUGHT; SAHEL.
 

001232

Shears, P. 1976. Drought in south-eastern Ethiopia. In: Hussein, A.M. (ed.) Drought and famine in Ethiopia, p. 89-96. IAI African Environment SpecialReport (UK), no. 2. International African Inst., London (UK).

Survey on the background of the Ogaden drought, in Southeastern Ethiopia, existing situation of the people and emergency relief programs in operation, indicating possible alternatives for the future with reference to the water resources of the region.

Descriptors: ETHIOPIA; OGADEN; DROUGHT; REHABILITATION; WATER RESOURCES; WATER MANAGEMENT.

 
001594

IBRD, Washington, D.C. (USA). 1976. Ethiopia and the World Bank. 38p.

Description of various projects financed by World Bank & IDA loans & credits particularly for agriculture, transportation, education, electricity, telecommunications, water supply, development banking & drought rehabilitation.

Descriptors: ETHIOPIA; DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS; LOANS; CREDIT; IBRD; IDA; AGRICULTURE; TRANSPORT; EDUCATION; TELECOMMUNICATION; WATER SUPPLY; DROUGHT; REHABILITATION.
 

002557

Marnham, P. 1977. Nomads in the Sahel. (Les nomades dans le Sahel). Report -Minority Rights Groups (UK), no. 33:

General description of land, people and traditional economy of the Sahel, the crisis of 1973 and present rehabilitation and development programs. Data on mortality rate & extent of the economic crisis due to drought.

Descriptors: SAHEL; NOMADS; DROUGHT; REHABILITATION; MORTALITY.
 

002783

Sall, A. 1978. Quel amenagement pastoral pour le Sahel?. (What kind of pastoralmanagement for the Sahel?). Tiers - Monde (France), v. 19(73): p. 161-169.

Review of problems associated with Sahelian pastoralism specially overgrazing & drought, and measures taken, particularly drilling & well establishment for livestock watering.

Descriptors: SAHEL; WATER MANAGEMENT; PASTORAL HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; PASTORALISM; OVERGRAZING; DROUGHT; DRILLING; WELLS; LIVESTOCK.
 

004120

Konczacki, Z.A. 1978. The economies of pastoralism: a case study of sub-SaharanAfrica. (L'economie pastorale: une etude de cas de l'Afrique sub-saharienne). London (UK): Frank Cass & Co. 185p.

Contribution to the study of pastoralism and its economic aspects in Sub - Saharan Africa; with case studies of pastoral nomadism of Somalia, the Sahelian drought and the livestock sector of Botswana, with particular. ref. to transhumance. Review of alternative approaches to pastoralism.

Descriptors: ARID ZONES; WEST AFRICA; SAHARA; SOMALIA; BOTSWANA; PASTORAL ECONOMY; DROUGHT; PASTORALISM; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; CASE STUDY; NOMADISM; LIVESTOCK; TRANSHUMANCE.
 

004392

Centre d'Etudes de Geographie Tropicale, Talence (France).. 1977. Strategies pastorales et agricoles des saheliens durant la secheresse 1969 - 1974. Elevage et contacts entre pasteurs et agriculteurs. (Pastoral & agricultural strategies of the people of the Sahel during the 1969-1974 drought. Livestock raising and relations between pastoralists & farmers). Travaux et Documents de Geographie Tropicale (France), no. 30:

Analysis of the 1969-74 drought consequences, particularly. breeding stock mortality, pasture degradation, population migration from rural areas to towns, disrupted social relations between pastoralists & farmers, and adoption of replacement food crops; note on future prospects.

Descriptors: SAHEL; ANIMAL PRODUCTION; AGRICULTURE; DROUGHT; BREEDING STOCK; MORTALITY; PASTURE DEGRADATION; MIGRATION; SOCIAL STRUCTURE.
 

004393

Santoir, C. 1977. Les societes pastorales du Senegal face a la secheresse (1972-1973). Reactions a la crise et de degre de retablissement deux ans apres. Le cas des Peul du Galodjina. (Pastoral societies of Senegal and the drought (1972-1973). Reaction to the crisis and degree of rehabilitation two years later. The case of the Galodjina Fulani). Travaux et Documents de Geographie Tropicale (France), no. 30: 

Description of the Galodjina area the economic stability of the Fulani before the drought; effects of drought on environment livestock, vegetation and people, with particular. ref. to slaughtering & sale of animals and massive migration to the South; with note on economic reconstruction & herd composition after two years.

Descriptors: SENEGAL; GALODJINA; FULANI ETHNIC GROUP; DROUGHT; ENVIRONMENT; LIVESTOCK; VEGETATION; SLAUGHTERING; SALES; ECONOMIC RECONSTRUCTION; HERD COMPOSITION.
 

004394

Hervouet, J.P. 1977. Strategies d'adaptation differenciees a une crise climatique. L'exemple des eleveurs agriculteurs du centre Sud mauritanien (1969-1974). (Different adaptation strategies in case of a climatic crisis. The example of the pastoralists in central Southern Mauritania (1969-1974)). Travaux et Documents de Geographie Tropicale (France). no. 30 

Study on population growth and breeding systems in the Mauritanian Sahel, with ref. to consequences of the drought, particularly. breeding stock mortality and movements of breeders in search of pastures.

Descriptors: SAHEL; MAURITANIA; BREEDING SYSTEMS; DROUGHT; POPULATION GROWTH; BREEDING STOCK; MORTALITY; PASTURES.
 

004397

Beauvilain, A. 1977. Les peul du Dallol Bosso et la secheresse 1969-1973 (Niger). (The Fulani of Dallol Bosso and the drought of 1969-1973 (Niger). Travaux et Documents de Geographie Tropicale (France). no.30 

Geographical aspects, animal population & demographic growth of the Dallol Bosso Valley; study on the pluviometry during drought of 1969-1973, with data on consequences of drought on farmers & nomads, particularly. evolution of harvesting, displacement of animals, mortality of cattle and modification of ranges.

Descriptors: NIGER; DALLOL BOSSO; DROUGHT; FULANI ETHNIC GROUP; ANIMAL POPULATION; RAIN GAUGES; FARMERS; NOMADS; HARVESTING; MORTALITY; CATTLE; RANGES.
 

004398

Bernus, E. 1977. Les tactiques des eleveurs face a la secheresse : le cas du sud-ouest de l'Air (Niger). (Breeders tactics against the drought : the case of South-West Air (Niger)). Travaux et Documents de Geographie Tropicale (France). no.30

Geographic aspects of the South-West Air and comparison of consequences of past drought with those of 1969-1972, with note on reactions of Fulani, particularly. population migration to the South, attempted irrigated agriculture near swamps & water holes and utilization of available collected foods.

Descriptors: NIGER; AIR MOUNTAINS; FULANI ETHNIC GROUP; NOMADS; DROUGHT; MIGRATION.
 

004399

Horowitz, M. H. 1977. Les strategies adaptatives au Sahel avant et apres la secheresse. (Adaptive strategies in the Sahel before and after the drought). Travaux et Documents de Geographie Tropicale (France). no.30 

Livestock management & socioeconomic organization of nomads & farmers in the Sahel before the drought and data on changed ways of living after the drought, particularly. population migration to south, dependance on food & medical relief, refugee camp groupings & rupture of social and ethnic relations.

Descriptors: SAHEL; PASTORALISM; NOMADS; LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT; SOCIOECONOMIC ORGANIZATION; MIGRATION.
 

005332

CIPEA, Addis Abeba (Ethiopie). 1976. Elevage et desertification. (Livestock and desertification). 17p. Reunion d'Experts sur la Desertification, Nairobi (Kenya), 22-26 Mar 1976. 

Description of desertification of the Sahel as human & geological phenomenon and its socio - economic consequences on nomad breeders; with outline of solutions to different. problems related to rearing, drought and nomadism in the Sahelian zone.

Descriptors: SAHEL; TROPICAL AFRICA; DESERTIFICATION; DROUGHT; PASTORAL ECONOMY; NOMADISM; LIVESTOCK; NODS; ANIMAL PRODUCTION.
 

008565

Clanet, J. 1977. Les consequences des annees seches 1969-1973 sur la mobilite des eleveurs du Karem. secheresse 1969-1974. (Consequences of the 1969-1973 drought on the mobility of pastoralists in Kanem drought 1969 to 1974). Travaux et Documents de Geographie Tropicale (France), no. 30: p. 237-259. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bordeaux (France); Centre d'Etudes de Geographie Tropicale, Bordeaux (France). 

Presents the region, climate, people and pastoral cycle of Kanem; Studies consequences of drought on these groups of semi nomad pastoralists, with particular. ref. to breeding stock mortality due to lack of pasture, displacement and the retaking of nomadism in favor of sedentarization.

Descriptors: CHAD; KENEM; NOMADISM; DROUGHT; BREEDING STOCK; MORTALITY.
 

008651

Dahl, G.; Hjort, A. 1979. Pastoral change and the role of drought. (Changement pastoral et role de la secheresse). SAREC Report (Sweden), no. 2: 50 p. Stockholm (Sweden): SAREC.

Discusses the effects of drought on herd structures and the possible economic implications for pastoral households based on a mathematical model of a hypothetical drought situation. Points out precautions individual herdowners can take to ensure recovery after a period of stock losses.

Descriptors: PASTORAL ECONOMY; DROUGHT; HERD COMPOSITION; NOMADISM; MATHEMATICAL MODELS.

 
009304

Anon. 1979. Resettlement: Lasting solution to people in drought affected areas of Ethiopia. Natural Disaster Aid Coordinating Central Committee, Addis Ababa (Ethiopia). 32p. 

Describes the massive resettlement programme in relatively rich agricultural areas, as a lasting solution to drought borne disaster, natural calamities and man made problems, specially in parts of Wollo, Tigrai, Gondar and Shoa, with a note on emergency measures taken by the Natural Disaster Aid Coordinating Central Committee, the role of the All Ethiopia Peasants' Associations in settlement projects and sources of funds required for the realization of the scheme.

Descriptors: ETHIOPIA; RURAL SETTLEMENT; DROUGHT; FAMINE; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; FINANCING; GOVERNMENT ACTIONS.
 

009451

Chilisa, E. 1979. Botswana: drought emergency fears. African Business (UK), no.12: p. 26-27. 

Descriptors: BOTSWANA; DROUGHT; EMERGENCY RELIEF; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION.
 

011143

Ormerod, W.E. 1978. Avoidance of grazing on the southern margin of the West African Sahara. (Eviter le pacage sur les marges australes du Sahara de l'Afrique de l'Ouest). In: Hyder, D.N. (ed.) Proceedings of the first international rangeland congress, p. 121-122. Society for Range Management, Denver (USA). 1. International Rangeland Congress, Denver, 14-18 Aug 1978.

Discusses climatic & economic causes of poverty in Sahelian countries outlining causes of drought and measures to mitigate its effects as the most important problem facing West Africa. Identifies possibilities for improving food supplies without causing ecological degradation,with emphasis on rearing of trypanotolerant breeds and the need for a new view of nomadic grazing.

Descriptors: WEST AFRICA; SAHEL; OVERGRAZING; DESERTIFICATION; DROUGHT; SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECTS; ECOLOGY; LAND USE; NOMADISM; LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT; CATTLE.
 

012702

Hagenbucher-Sacripanti, F. 1979. Note sur les alliances et les marques de betail chez les Arabes du Nord-Kanem (Tchad). (On alliances and cattle marks among the North-Kanem Arabs (Chad)). Cahiers ORSTOM. Serie Sciences Humaines (France), v. 16(4): p. 351-380.

Describes the traditional modes of alliance & solidarity as confronted with new political & socio-economic conditions among the North-Kanem Arabs of Chad, with particular reference to cattle marking as an advantageous strategy of alliance, and population movements as well as the resulting phenomenon of acculturation due to desertization and famine in the Sahel.

Descriptors: SOCIOLOGIE RURALE; METHODE TRADITIONNELLE; BETAIL; TRIBU ARABE; KANEM; TCHAD; NOMADISME.

 
012737

Barry, S. 1981. La reconstitution des troupeaux dans le Sahel apres la secheresse de 1973. Des menaces pesent en ce moment sur le cheptel de la region. (Restocking the Sahel herds after the 1973 drought. Current threats to livestock in the region). Courrier (CCE). Courier (CEC). p. 84-86.

Outlines the effects of the severe drought of 1969-73 on the economic balance of countries in the Sahel & considers policies pursued by some countries for livestock reconstitution with regard to current threats in the region in spite of the adopted measures, and compares livestock population in 1977 and 1968.

Descriptors: SECHERESSE; TROUPEAU; BETAIL; SAHEL.
 

012828

Barral, H. 1977. Les populations nomades de l'Oudalan et leur espace pastoral. (The Oudalan nomadic population and their pastoral area). Travaux et Documents de l'ORSTOM (France), no. 77: 119p. Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer, Paris (France).

Reviews the physical environment & historical background of the Oudalan people in Upper Volta, and discusses the pastoral ecology and the transhumance zones of the region, with particular reference to nomadism and the Sahelian pastoral system. Note on the 1972-73 drought & its consequences, particularly livestock losses, migration to the south & return to the Sahel.

Descriptors: PASTORALISME; NOMADISME; ECOLOGIE; POPULATION; SECHERESSE; OUDALAN; BURKINA FASO; SAHEL; PATURAGES; BETAIL; NOMADE.
 

014450

Vermeer, D.E. 1981. Collision of climate, cattle, and culture in Mauritania during the 1970's. Geographical Review (USA), v. 71(3): p. 281-297.

Examines factors which caused the drought condition in Mauritania during the 1970's, with particular reference to fluctuation in the rainfall distribution pattern in different regions of the country and nomadism & transhumance which are the dominant cultural - economic practices in the country; discusses briefly future prospects for development activities in the country.

Descriptors: MAURITANIA; DROUGHT; CLIMATE; NOMADISM; TRANSHUMANCE; RAINFALL INTENSITY; SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECTS.
 

016057

Hitchcock, R.K. 1979. The traditional response to drought in Botswana. p. 91-97 Symposium on Drought in Botswana, Gaborone, 5-8 Jun 1978.

Discusses the drought response of different groups in Botswana, particularly hunter-gatherers, pastoralists and agriculturalists, outlining responses ranging from mobility to reversion to hunting-gathering, and magico-religious ceremonies for inducing rainfall.

Descriptors: BOTSWANA; DROUGHT; SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECTS; MIGRATION; HUNTING.
 

016665

Anon. 1982. Report on a reconnaissance trip in Wello administrative region (August 11-September 4, 1982). Relief and Rehabilitation Commission, Addis Ababa (Ethiopia). Early Warning and Planning Services. 38p.

Descriptors: ETHIOPIA; WELLO; DROUGHT; DEMOGRAPHY; ANIMAL POPULATION; FOOD SUPPLY; EMERGENCY RELIEF.
 

017751

Cossins, N.J. 1983. Production strategies and pastoral man. In: Livestock production systems research seminar, p. 213-231. ILCA, Addis Ababa (Ethiopia); IDRC, Ottawa (Canada). ILCA/IDRC Workshop on Pastoral Systems Research in sub-Saharan Africa, Addis Ababa (Ethiopia), 21-24 Mar 1983.

Discusses pastoral management strategies within the framework of pastoral systems research, describing practical decisions involved in order to minimize risks of livestock loss, & taking into consideration constraints placed upon the system by normal mostly seasonal events, disasters & long term changes. Draws on examples from the Borana livestock production systems to study problems observed.

Descriptors: ETHIOPIA; DEVELOPMENT POLICIES; BORANA AWRAJA; PASTORALISTS; LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SYSTEMS.
 

017918

Gall, P.M. 1982. Range management and livestock development in the Sahel. CHEMONICS, Washington, D.C. (USA). International Consulting Div.. 84p.

Examines social & environmental factors encountered in the West African Sahel using an area-or-site-specific analysis to study motivations, practices & perspectives of the pastoralist; and activities related to maintenance/rehabilitation of range vegetation & soils; livestock production, and water use. Considers some current intervention strategies and proposals for improving the effectiveness of range management and livestock projects in the region.

Descriptors: WEST AFRICA; SAHEL; RANGE MANAGEMENT; ANIMAL PRODUCTION; LIVESTOCK; PASTORALISM; SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECTS; RANGE IMPROVEMENT; VEGETATION; SOILS; WATER USE; DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS.
 

018070

Mensching, H.G. 1982. Nomads and farmers in the West African Sahel – Problems of competing land use. Applied Geography and Development (Germany, F.R.), v.20: p. 7-19. 

Describes from a geographer's point of view the possibilities for and limits to development of the Sahel, identifying the economic groups of nomads & armers in the West African Sahel & assessing damage in the eco-system due to desertification; with particular reference to measures which could be adopted in rain-fed cultivation, irrigation agriculture & pastoral farming.

Descriptors: SAHEL; WEST AFRICA; DROUGHT; LAND USE; NOMADS; FARMERS.
 

018907

Campbell, D.J. 1977. Land use competition at the margins of the rangelands: A proposal for research in Kajiado District. IDS Working Paper (Kenya), no. 299: 28p. Nairobi Univ. (Kenya). Inst. for Development Studies.

Examines the current state of land use in the Kajiado district of Kenya where competition between pastoral, agricultural & wildlife activities is high, analysing the hypothesis that changes in landuse on the pastoral/agricultural interface have increased the vulnerability of the population to the impact of drought, & proposing ways of improving these land use patterns & of providing alternative or complementary sources of income.

Descriptors: KENYA; KAJIADO DISTRICT; LAND USE; RANGELANDS; RESEARCH; DROUGHT; PASTORALISM; FARMLAND.
 

018928

Campbell, D.J. 1979. Response to drought in Masailand: Pastoralists and farmers of the Loitokitok area, Kajiado District. IDS Discussion Paper (Kenya), no.267: 44p. Nairobi Univ. (Kenya). Inst. for Development Studies. 

Review of changing land use patterns, social systems & resource availability in the Loitokitok area of Kajiado district, assessing the impact of the 1972-76 drought on Maasai pastoralists & agro-pastoralists, & non-Maasai farmers in Kenya, & their responses under such conditions. Proposes the adoption of land use planning strategies to reduce the vulnerability of pastoralists & farmers to drought in future.

Descriptors: KENYA; MASAILAND; DROUGHT; LAND USE; FARMERS; PASTORALISTS.
 

020241

American Friends Service Committee, Philadelphia. Africa Program. 1982. Tin Aicha nomad village. (Le village nomade de Tin Aicha). 231p.

Examines some aspects of the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) involvement in a rehabilitation project for nomad families along the shores of Lake Faguibine, in Male; going through the various stages of AFSC project exploration, planning & definition; & review in the particularly context of the Tin Aicha village scheme. Attempts to assess the lessons of the endeavor as an aid to AFSC planners & others, showing the extent to which livestock herding combined with lakeshore agriculture in the village economy helped in recovery from the Sahelian drought of 1968-1974.

Descriptors: MALI; SAHEL; DROUGHT; REHABILITATION; NOMADS; VILLAGES; DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS; PROJECT ANALYSIS; DEVELOPMENT AID.
 

021112

Lusigi, W.J.; Glaser, G. 1984. Combatting desertification and rehabilitating degraded production systems in Northern Kenya : The IPAL project. In: Castri, F. di (ed.), Baker, F.W.G. (ed.), Hadley, M. (ed.) Ecology in practice. Part 1: Ecosystem Management. Part 2: The social response, p. 274-287. MAB Natural Resources and the Environment Series, v. 16(1&2). Dublin: Tycooly International Publishing Limited.

Examines the achievements of the Integrated Project in Arid Lands (IPAL) in light of the threat of desertification through improper land use in the arid lands of Northern Kenya. Presents research results on the changing patterns of nomadism, specially with respect to land use & settlement patterns, & on the dynamics & role of woody vegetation. Shows how the results are being integrated into education & training programmes in order to rehabilitate degraded production systems & improve productivity.

Descriptors: KENYA; DESERTIFICATION; LAND USE; DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES; REHABILITATION; LAND MANAGEMENT; PLANNING.

 
021287

Pearson, M. 1980. Settlement of pastoral nomads: A case study of the New Halfa Irrigation Scheme in eastern Sudan. Development Studies Occasional Paper (UK), no. 5: 60p. East Anglia Univ. (UK). School of Development Studies.

Analyses causes of the settled nomads to engage in off-scheme activities other than growing crops specified in their tenancies in the New Halfa Irrigation Scheme, Sudan particularly in relation with the traditional economy of the Butana plains; and tenurial arrangements, system of agricultural production and production relations in the scheme, which pointed that returns from the tenancies were too low to satisfy the tenants & their families needs due to inadequate services rendered by the scheme management. Emphasizes the need to increase the quality & quantity of services, rehabilitate the scheme and pursue an alternative development approach to fully commit the nomadic tenants to the scheme.

Descriptors: SUDAN; DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS; SEDENTARISATION; PASTORALISTS; NOMADS; CASE STUDY.
 

021428

Watson, R.M.; Hemming, C.F. 1983. Can remote sensing save the nomad. In: Remote sensing for rangeland monitoring and management. Proceedings of an international conference held in Silso, Bedford, UK, in September 1983, p.123-133. Reading: Remote Sensing Society. 9. Annual Conference of the Remote Sensing Society, Silsoe College, 21-23 Sep 1983.

Investigates whether the present famine cycles are of such a magnitude or frequency to extinguish or dramatically curtail nomadic pastoralism as a way of life, considering other events & trends including development activities which are working against nomadism, & discussing the role of remote sensing in preserving nomadism.

Descriptors: REMOTE SENSING; NOMADISM; RANGELANDS; FAMINE.

 
021624

FAO, Rome (Italy). 1984. International emergency assistance required in food supplies, agriculture and animal husbandry for African countries in 1984. FAO Situation Report, no. 4: 145p.

Summarizes the food and agriculture situation in 24 African countries affected by food & agriculture emergencies in 1984, providing information on food requirements, food aid pledged & received from donors & international & non-governmental organizations, & projects on the requirements identified so far. Stresses on the urgent need for donors to increase allocations in support of agricultural & livestock rehabilitation in countries affected by drought and other calamities. Includes annex on the delivery schedule for food aid up to June 1984.

Descriptors: AFRICA; EMERGENCY RELIEF; FOOD SUPPLY; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; ANIMAL PRODUCTION; FOOD AID; REHABILITATION.
 

022693

Assefa Abreha 1983. Development impact and effectiveness of food aid: The Ethiopian experience. In: Report of the World Food Programme/Government of the Netherlands Seminar on food aid, p. 93-100. WFP, Rome (Italy). Seminar on Food Aid, The Hague (The Netherlands), 3-5 Oct 1983.

Reviews the impact of food aid in general, and of the WFP's food aid in particular on the economy of a food deficit country such as Ethiopia. Considers the effectiveness of food aid from the WFP in contributing to the rehabilitation of denuded areas, rural employment, improvement of nutrition of the needy rural population & resettlement of drought-affected people through assistance to consecutive projects.

Descriptors: ETHIOPIA; DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES; FOOD AID; FOOD POLICIES.

 
023776

Anonymous. 1984. How to fight the African drought. International Agricultural Development (UK), v. 4(1): p. 17-18.

Descriptors: AFRICA; DROUGHT; EMERGENCY RELIEF; FEED SUPPLY.

 
024058

Duncan, A. 1979. Monitoring and evaluation in mixed farming and livestock systems: the experience of the Southern Sudan Agricultural Rehabilitation Project. IBRD, Washington, D.C. (USA). 13p. Regional Conference on Monitoring and Evaluation of Rural Development Projects in Eastern Africa, Nairobi (Kenya), 23-27 Apr 1979.

Discusses activities of the Evaluation & Marketing Section of the Southern Sudan Agricultural Rehabilitation Project which aims at monitoring & evaluating of the Project, partic. in the survey of the crop & livestock sectors to identify major characteristics of each to serve as a planning guide & as a basis of comparison; assess extent of contact between farmers & extension staff; and record adoption of recommended practices; as well as problems encountered & modifications incorporated.

Descriptors: SUDAN; DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS; PASTORALISM; MIXED FARMING; MONITORING; SURVEYS; EVALUATION.

 
024597

Devitt, P.; Dalby, D. (ed.); Church, H. (ed.); Bezaz, F. (ed.) 1977. Coping with drought in the Kalahari. In: Drought in Africa, 15p. International African Inst., London (UK).

Descriptors: BOTSWANA; KALAHARI DESERT; DROUGHT; NOMADISM; PASTORALISM; RANCHING.

 
024672

Gooch, T.; MacDonald, J. 1981. Evaluation of labour related projects in drought relief and development. Botswana. Ministry of Finance and Development Planning. 126p.

Descriptors: BOTSWANA; DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS; EMERGENCY RELIEF; FOOD AID; COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT; PROJECT APPRAISAL.

 
024866

Gooch, T.; MacDonald, J. 1981. Evaluation of 1979/80 drought relief programme. Botswana. Ministry of Finance and Development Planning. 219p.

Descriptors: BOTSWANA; DROUGHT; EMERGENCY RELIEF; FOOD AID; PLANNING; MONITORING; RECOMMENDATIONS.

 
027104

Toulmin, C. 1983. Economic behaviour among livestock-keeping peoples: A review of the literature on the economics of pastoral production in the semi-arid zones of Africa. East Anglia Univ. Development Studies Occasional Paper (UK), no. 25: 117p. East Anglia Univ., Norwich (UK). School of Development Studies.

Analyses the economics of traditional systems of pastoral production in the semi-arid areas of Africa w. ref. to a simplified model of the pastoral economy of the main components: land, people and livestock; discusses production as affected by the wider economy partic. the importance of competition for productive resources between pastoralism and other forms of land-use and flows of capital and labour ; presents different forms of sedentarisation and the effects of drought on livestock-keeping groups.

Descriptors: AFRICA; SEMI-ARID ZONES; PASTORAL ECONOMY; PASTORAL SYSTEM; PASTORALISTS; LAND USE; DROUGHT; POLICIES; LAND SETTLEMENT.

 
031545

FAO, Rome (Italy); World Food Programme, Rome (Italy). 1985. Relief and rehabilitation in food and agriculture of African countries affected by calamities in 1983-1985. FAO/WPE Situation Report, no. 8: [various pages].

Descriptors: AFRICA; FOOD SUPPLY; FOOD PRODUCTION; FAMINE; FOOD AID.

 
033233

Horowitz, M.M. (ed.) 1976. Colloquium on the effects of drought on the productive strategies of Sudano-Sahelian herdsmen and farmers: Implications for development. USAID, Abidjan (Ivory Coast). Regional Economic Development Services Office for West Africa. 96p. Colloquium on the Effects of Drought on the Productive Strategies of Sudano-Sahelian Herdsmen and Farmers: Implications for Development, Niamey (Niger), 25-27 Jun 1975.

Compilation of presentations to a colloquium on productive strategy responses of Sudano-sahelian farmers to drought and of deliberations & recommendations of its working groups for actions & development efforts by drought affected countries & donor agencies.

Descriptors: SAHEL; SUDANIAN ZONE; FARMERS; PASTORALISTS; FARM MANAGEMENT; DECISION MAKING; DROUGHT; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; RECOMMENDATIONS.

 
033448

Clark, N.T. 1985. The effect of the 1973/74 drought in Somalia on subsequent exports and registered slaughterings of camels, sheep, goats and cattle. Nomadic peoples (Canada), no. 17: p. 53-57.

Descriptors: SOMALIA; DROUGHT; CATTLE; SHEEP; GOATS; CAMELS; EXPORTS; SLAUGHTERING.
 

035119

White, C. 1984. Herd reconstitution: The role of credit among Wodaabe herders in Central Niger. ODI Pastoral Development Network Paper (UK), no. 18d: 14p. Overseas Development Inst., London (UK). Agricultural Administration Unit.

Reviews the large-scale losses of cattle due to the drought of 1973 in central Niger and examines the role of agricultural credit for the reconstitution of cattle herds in the project zone

Descriptors: NIGER; PASTORALISTS; LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT; AGRICULTURAL CREDIT.
 

035687

Makinen, M.; Ariza-Nino, M. 1982. The market for livestock from the pastoral zone of central Mali. (Le marche a betail de la zone pastorale du Mali central). Niger Range and Livestock Project Discussion Paper, no. 7: 55p. Niger. Ministry of Rural Development. Range and Livestock Project; USAID, Tahoua (Niger).

Outlines and analyzes the livestock marketing systems in the pastoral zone of central Niger, discussing factors affecting the livestock market, partic. recovery from the drought of the 1970's, improvements in transportation system linking the area to major markets, the growing demand for meat in Nigeria and the observed in demand for young male cattle for animal traction and fattening. Describes markets visited, available slaughter facilities, the country's cattle export policy; the market power of intermediaries, and the tanning sector's activities. Includes information on costs of transporting export cattle to Lagos and on slaughter data from Maradi, as well as proposal for a market monitoring unit.

Descriptors: NIGER; PASTORALISM; LIVESTOCK; MARKETING; DROUGHT; TRANSPORT; SLAUGHTERING FACILITIES; SUPPLY BALANCE; EXPORTS; TANNERIES; POLICIES.

 
037404

Toulmin, C. 1985. Livestock losses and post-drought rehabilitation in sub-Saharan Africa. ILCA/LPU Working Paper, no. 9: 105p. ILCA, Addis Ababa (Ethiopia). Livestock Economics Unit.

Examines post-drought rehabilitation policies to aid recovery in livestock production and crop production, and the effects of drought on livestock and farming communities. Discusses the role played by reserves in mitigating a population's vulnerability to drought; and the macro-economic implications of a drought induced loss of livestock for the government budget, domestic markets and external trade. Investigates the likely speed of recovery in the absence of outside intervention. Presents materials from case studies to show the nature of costs and returns involved. Suggests priority areas for action for decision makers.

Descriptors: SAHEL; DROUGHT; LIVESTOCK; MORTALITY; PASTURES; FARMS; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; POLICIES; ANIMAL NUTRITION; ANIMAL POPULATION; ANIMAL TRACTION; MARKETING.
 

040223

Bourn, D.; Wint, W. 1986. Pastoral conditions in central Niger following the 1983/84 drought. Results of a low level aerial survey carried out at the end of the 1985 wet season, compared with those obtained in 1981/82. ILCA, Addis Ababa (Ethiopia); Resource Inventory and Management Ltd., Jersey (UK). 37p.

Describes results of a systematic reconnaissance low level aerial survey of livestock populations, pastoral habitation and environmental conditions, carried out over the Integrated Livestock Project area in the central pastoral zone of Niger at the end of the 1985 wet season.

Descriptors: NIGER; DROUGHT; ANIMAL POPULATION; ECOLOGY; PASTORALISM; AERIAL SURVEYS.

 
040546

Alberro, M. 1986. Ethiopia. The Boran cattle and their tribal owners. (Ethiopie- Les bovins Boran et leurs eleveurs tribaux). FAO World Animal Review. (FAO Revue Mondiale de Zootechnie), no. 57: p. 30-39.

Deals with the Boran cattle of Ethiopia and their tribal owners. Describes the environment including the breeding area, Common species, and the incidence of diseases and parasites. Gives a physical description of the cattle and indicates its origin. Also discusses the Borana pastoral socio-economic system and husbandry methods.

Descriptors: ETHIOPIA; BORAN CATTLE; BORANA ETHNIC GROUP; DROUGHT RESISTANCE; PASTORALISM; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; WATERING; ENVIRONMENT.
 

040843

Hogg, R. 1985. Re-stocking pastoralists in Kenya: A strategy for relief and rehabilitation. ODI Pastoral Development Network Paper (UK), no. 196: 12p. Overseas Development Inst., London (UK). Agricultural Administration Unit.

Describes the background to and the implementation of a pilot re-stocking programme in Northern Kenya in 1983-4 and discusses the main constraints of this programme and its evaluation.

Descriptors: KENYA; PASTORALISTS; RELIEF; REHABILITATION; LIVESTOCK.
 

041002

ILCA, Addis Ababa (Ethiopia). Livestock Economics Unit. 1986. Programmes and protocols 1986. 82p.

Outlines the Livestock Economics Unit sub-programme (policy and micro-economics) for 1986/87 and the protocols for individual research projects. Presents the different policy research projects which includes post-drought rehabilitation of the livestock sector, African dairy imports, pricing policy studies, financing livestock services, dairy marketing in Africa, pork & poultry, sources of growth in livestock output, effects of meat imports into west Africa, feed supply, and implementation of breed improvement.

Descriptors: LIVESTOCK; RESEARCH POLICIES; RESEARCH PROGRAMMES; FARM PLANNING; DROUGHT; IMPORTS; PRICING POLICIES; FINANCING; MARKETING; PORK; POULTRY; MEAT; FEED SUPPLY; MODELS; ANIMAL BREEDING; INCOME.
 

041032

Fasil G. Kiros (ed.) 1980. The development problems and prospects of semi-arid areas in eastern Africa. Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern Africa, Addis Ababa (Ethiopia). 371p. Workshop on the Development Problems and Prospects of Semi-Arid Areas in Eastern Africa, Nazareth (Ethiopia), 9-13 Apr 1980.

Descriptors: SEMI ARID ZONES; EAST AFRICA; RESEARCH; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; POLITICAL ASPECTS; ECOLOGY; CLIMATE; FOOD PRODUCTION; DROUGHT; TRANSPORTATION; PASTORALISM.

 
041217

Toulmin, C. 1986. Drought and the farming sector: Loss of farm animals and post-drought rehabilitation. ILCA/ALPAN Network Paper, no. 10: 27p. ILCA, Addis Ababa (Ethiopia). Livestock Economics Unit.

Outlines the main effects of drought on crop producers and examines the effects of drought on crop producers and examines the effects of drought nduced livestock losses on crop production and considers a range of policy measures aimed at rehabilitation of the farm sector in the post-drought period; compares alternative policy measures.

Descriptors: LIVESTOCK; DROUGHT; FARMERS; REHABILITATION; POLICIES; CROPPING.
 

041828

Radgers, W.A.; Homewood, K.M. 1986. Cattle dynamics in a pastoralist community in Ngorongoro, Tanzania, during the 1982-83 drought. Agricultural Systems (UK),v. 22(1): p. 33-51.

Descriptors: TANZANIA; NGORONGORO; CATTLE; PASTORALISM; POPULATION DYNAMICS; DROUGHT; AGE; SEX; MORTALITY; SEASONS; MILK PRODUCTION; MARKETING; BIRTH RATE.

 
042228

Wieland, R.G. (ed.) 1986. Proceedings of the seminar/workshop on future range/livestock development strategies for the central rangelands of Somalia. National Range Agency, Mogadishu (Somalia). Central Rangelands Development Project. 138p. Seminar/Workshop on Future Range/Livestock Development Strategies for the Central Rangelands of Somalia, Mogadishu, 24-27 Mar 1986.

Collection of presentations discussions & recommendations of a seminar that evaluated the progress, as part of the Central Rangeland Development Project in Somalia, in introducing grazing management systems, setting up pastoral associations, water development, characterizing the agropastoral system and the process of desertification, knowledge on status of diseases and the browse yicib, famine early warning, range monitoring and range management education and proposed research & interventions for phase II of the project.

Descriptors: SOMALIA; RANGELAND RESOURCES; RANGE MANAGEMENT; PASTORALISM; DEVELOPMENT POLICIES; GRAZING SYSTEMS; COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIES; WATER DEVELOPMENT; AGROPASTORALISM; DESERTIFICATION; ANIMAL HEALTH; FAMINE; FORECASTING; MONITORING; EDUCATION.

 
042266

Escott, V.J. (comp.) 1986. Symposium on drought in Africa. Proceedings and summary report. IDRC Manuscript Report, no. MR119e: 183p. IDRC, Ottawa (Canada). International Symposium on Drought in Africa, Ottawa (Canada), 12-14 Aug 1985.

Presents pattern and impact of drought in Africa. Discusses, drought tolerant crops, animal production in drought areas, relationship between drought infections and infestations. Relates, land and resource management with the emergency of food aid and rehabilitation of agriculture in Africa.

Descriptors: AFRICA; DROUGHT; DROUGHT RESISTANCE; ANIMAL PRODUCTION; FOOD AID; REHABILITATION; ANIMAL DISEASES; CROPS; LAND; WATER SHORTAGE.
 

042733

Gryseels, G.; Jutzi, S.C. 1986. Regenerating farming systems after drought: ILCA's Ox/Seed Project, 1985 results. ILCA, Addis Ababa (Ethiopia). Highlands Programme. 40p.

Presents results of a study conducted as part of a rehabilitation programme for famine stricken farmers in the central highlands of Ethiopia that involved the supply of food aid, and an ox-seed and a single ox plough and yoke on a credit basis, on the role that animals play in post drought recovery processes and ways and means of improving productivity of these subsistence farming systems to ensure longer term stability in food production.

Descriptors: ETHIOPIA; ILCA; FARMING SYSTEMS; DROUGHT; BULLOCKS; SEED DISTRIBUTION; AGRICULTURAL PROJECTS; DEVELOPMENT AID; CROPPING PATTERNS; WORKING ANIMALS; DEMOGRAPHY; LAND OWNERSHIP; PRODUCTIVITY; MARKET STUDY; PRICES; CONSTRAINTS; APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY; FOOD AID.

 
042812

Bourn, D.; Denda, I.; Ridder, N. de; Wagenaar, K.T.; Wint, W. 1987. Where have all the livestock gone?. (Secheresse et exode pastoral au Niger). ILCA Newsletter. (CIPEA Actualites), v. 6(1): p. 3-4.

Discusses, based on aerial surveys taken before and after the drought, the magnitude of population changes, both human & animal, that took place in west Central Niger during the drought and how the drought has affected different ethnic groups. Includes data on estimates of livestock population & pastoral dewellings.

Descriptors: SAHEL; NIGER; ILCA; LIVESTOCK CENSUS; DROUGHT; AERIAL SURVEYING; POPULATION; PASTORALISTS; MORTALITY; ETHNICITY.
 

042819

Boneh, D. 1986. Computer simulation in pastoral nomadic development. Nomadic Peoples (Canada), no. 20: p. 77-83.

Descriptors: NOMADISM; PASTORALISM; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; COMPUTER SIMULATION; POPULATION DYNAMICS; POPULATION CHANGES; DROUGHT; LIVESTOCK CENSUS; GRASSLANDS.

 
042867

Sherwin, J. 1983. The Tuareg pastoralist: From victim of change to participant in development. [no publisher but document available in ILCA Library]. 34p.

Descriptors: NIGER; SAHEL; TUAREG ETHNIC GROUP; PASTORALISTS; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; POLITICAL ECONOMY; DROUGHT; DESERTIFICATION; DEVELOPMENt STRATEGY; SOCIAL STRUCTURE; NOMADS; RESEARCH; CONSTRAINTS; DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS; DEVELOPMENT AID.

 
043134

Behnke, R. 1986. The implications of spontaneous range enclosure for African livestock development policy. ILCA/ALPAN Network Paper, no. 12: 23p. ILCA, Addis Ababa (Ethiopia). African Livestock Policy Analysis Network.

Descriptors: AFRICA; RANGE MANAGEMENT; LIVESTOCK; DEVELOPMENT POLICIES COMMERCIALISATION; RANGELANDS; AGROPASTORALISM; PASTORAL LANDS; DROUGHT; GOVERNMENT POLICIES; PRODUCTIVITY; ECONOMIC GROWTH; EQUITY; FEED CROPS; OVERGRAZING; LAND TAX; SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS; POLITICAL ASPECTS.
 

043350

Western, D.; Finch, V. 1986. Cattle and pastoralism: Survival and production in arid lands. Human Ecology (USA), v. 14(1): p. 77-94.

Outlines environmental factors distinguishing and rangelands from the moister tropics and discusses, briefly, how the pastoral Maasai, inhabiting one of these regions, manage their herds. Describes results of simulated experiments on responses of cattle to the pronounced seasonality & periodic droughts of the region, considering significance of such responses to pastoral herd management and its contribution in pastoralists tendency to keep large milk herds. Includes a model demonstrating relative advantages of pastoralism & commercial beef production in various environments.

Descriptors: EAST AFRICA; ARID ZONES; PASTORALISM; DROUGHT; LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT; CATTLE; ANIMAL RESPONSE; MAASAI ETHNIC GROUP; MODELS.

 
043844

Simmonds, S. 1987. Famine in Ethiopia: Health review. January 1985-September 1986. WHO, Geneva (Switzerland). 52p.

Descriptors: ETHIOPIA; FAMINE; EMERGENCY RELIEF; PUBLIC HEALTH.

 
044478

Anonymous. 1987. Prepared for the conference: "Changing rights in property and problems of pastoral development". [no publisher but document available in ILCA Library]. [various pages]. Conference on Changing Rights in Property and Problems of Pastoral Development, Manchester (UK), 23-25 Apr 1987.

Descriptors: AFRICA; OWNERSHIP; PASTORALISM; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; RIGHT OF ACCESS; PROPERTY TRANSFERS; ETHNIC GROUPS; DROUGHT; KENYA; NIGER; SUDAN; ETHIOPIA; BOTSWANA; SEDENTARIZATION; COMMERCIALIZATION.
 

045302

Homewood, K.; Lewis, J. 1987. Impact of drought on pastoral livestock in Baringo, Kenya 1983-85. Journal of Applied Ecology (UK), v. 24(2): p. 615-631.

Presents records of observations on stock population changes and impacts of drought on pastoral livestock in Baringo, Kenya. Describing variation of drought impact according to species, locality, initial herd size, stock density and herd management techniques. Discusses fertility and mortality rates with partic. ref. to drought periods.

Descriptors: KENYA; DROUGHT; LIVESTOCK; PASTORAL SYSTEMS; CLIMATE; ANIMAL POPULATION; LIVESTOCK; ECOLOGICAL ZONATION; PRECIPITATION; DATA ANALYSIS; HERD SIZE; HERD COMPOSITION; SMALL SCALE FARMING; FERTILITY; MORTALITY; LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT; SURVEYS.
 

045370

Starr, M.A. 1987. Risk, environmental variability and drought-induced impoverishment: The pastoral economy of central Niger. Africa Journal of the International African Institute (UK), v. 57(1): p. 29-50.

Presents the effect of environmental variability on the economy of the pastoral societies of central Niger; analyses the situation of the pastoral economy as well as the nature and causes of livestock raising problems; discusses the relationship between drought and the pastoralists' differential capacities to deal with risk.

Descriptors: NIGER; PASTORALISM; TRANSHUMANCE; PASTORAL ECONOMY; HERD SIZE; DROUGHT; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS; PRICES; TUAREG ETHNIC GROUP.

 
045407

Price, M.R.S. 1979. The rangelands: Pastoralism and ranching. Nairobi Univ. (Kenya). Inst. for Development Studies. 22p. Workshop on the Development of Kenya's Semi Arid Areas, [no city] , 23-26 Jul 1979.

Compares & contrasts the goals & strategies of pastoral & commercial ranch systems of rangeland utilization in Kenya's semi-arid areas, with particular. ref. to subsistence-vs-profit rationale; ecological characteristics; stocking rate; size of animals kept; herd management; breed selection & diversity; physiological adaptations of kept cattle to drought; and management responses to drought.

Descriptors: KENYA; SEMI ARID ZONES; RANGELANDS; LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SYSTEMS; PASTORALISM; COMMERCIAL FARMING; LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT.

 
046971

Waal, A. de 1985. Famine that kills. Darfur 1984-85. Save the Children Fund, Khartoum (Sudan). 151p.

Descriptors: SUDAN; FAMINE; FARMING SYSTEMS; FOOD SUPPLY; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; EMERGENCY RELIEF; FOOD AID.
 

047158

Halderman, J.M. 1987. Development and famine risk in Kenya Maasai land. Vol. I & II. Ph.D. (Political Science). California Univ., Berkeley (USA). 545p.

Descriptors: KENYA; MAASAI ETHNIC GROUP; PASTORALISM; SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY; HISTORICAL ASPECTS.
 

047539

Schwartz, H.J. 1981. Optimisation of livestock productivity in the range areas of Kenya: Strategies recommended for nomadic pastoralist. Proceedings of the Animal Production Society of Kenya, v. 13: p. 8-17.

Discusses constraints to livestock productivity in the range areas of Kenya including normal constraints, disasters, and long term changes. Examines.adaptive strategies (traditional and modern) and recommended strategies including improvement of livestock productivity, improvement and management of pastures, stratification of the pastoral economy, appropriate education and training, and livestock marketing.

Descriptors: KENYA; LIVESTOCK; PRODUCTIVITY; RANGELANDS; TRANSHUMANCE; PASTORALISM; MORTALITY; SEASONS; DROUGHT; TRAINING; MARKETING; LIVESTOCK IMPROVEMENT.

 
048383

Adugna Getahun 1988. Aspects of health and famine in rural Ethiopia. International Inst. for Relief and Development, Geneva (Switzerland). Food for the Hungry International. 44p.

Descriptors: ETHIOPIA; HEALTH; FAMINE; RURAL AREAS; HEALTH SERVICES; TRAINING; EMERGENCY RELIEF.
 

048493

Oba, G.; Lusigi, W.J. 1987. An overview of drought strategies and land use in African pastoral systems. ODI Pastoral Development Network Paper (UK), no. 23a: 33p. Overseas Development Inst., London (UK). Agricultural Administration Unit.

Reviews drought strategies and land use in African pastoral systems, including the ecological and social significance of these strategies. Examines, the conditions contributing to the gradual breakdown of nomadism and some current drought policies in pastoral areas.

Descriptors: AFRICA; LAND USE; DROUGHT; PASTORAL SYSTEM; NOMADISM; PASTORAL ECONOMY; TRADITIONAL SYSTEMS; GRAZING LANDS; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS.
 

048500

Hesse, C. 1987. Livestock market data as an early warning indicator of stress in the pastoral economy. ODI Pastoral Development Network Paper (UK), no. 24f: 19p. Overseas Development Inst., London (UK). Agricultural Administration Unit.

Descriptors: PASTORAL ECONOMY; LIVESTOCK; MARKETS; STRESS; DROUGHT; FAMINE; PRICES; POST HARVEST LOSSES; SEASONS; SUPPLY AND DEMAND.

 
048502

Grandin, B.E.; Lembuya, P. 1987. The impact of the 1984 drought on Olkarkar group ranch, Kajiado, Kenya. ODI Pastoral Development Network Paper (UK), no. 23e: 14p. Overseas Development Inst., London (UK). Agricultural Administration Unit.

Presents the impact of the 1984 drought on olkarkar group ranch in Kajiado district, Kenya. Examines the patterns of mobility during the 1984 drought and briefly assesses the impact of the drought on livestock holdings.

Descriptors: KENYA; KAJIADO DISTRICT; OLKARKAR; COOPERATIVE FARMING; FARMS; DROUGHT; RESEARCH; LIVESTOCK; TRADITIONAL SYSTEMS; PASTORAL SYSTEMS; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS.

 
049289

Glantz, M.H. (ed.) 1987. Drought and hunger in Africa: Denying famine a future. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press. 457p.

Descriptors: AFRICA; DROUGHT; FAMINE; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; CLIMATIC CHANGE; FOOD SUPPLY; EMERGENCY RELIEF.

 
049418

Cossins, N.J.; Upton, M. 1988. The impact of climatic variation on the Boran pastoral system. Agricultural Systems (UK), v. 27(2): p. 117-135.

Discusses the variation in rainfall and its implications for the length of growing season and consequent dry matter production from the East African rangelands. Presents evidence of the effects of primary dry-matter production on livestock performance. Describes shifts in the relative prices of livestock and cereals and the overall impact on pastoralist food consumption. Discusses some possible approaches to the mitigation of drought effects.

Descriptors: BORAN ETHNIC GROUP; PASTORAL SYSTEM; RANGELANDS; CLIMATIC INFLUENCE; PRODUCTIVITY; MORTALITY; CATTLE; MOVEMENT; HUMAN POPULATION; FOOD CONSUMPTION; DROUGHT; CEREALS.

 
050599

Grandin, B.E.; Lembuya, P. 1987. The impact of the 1984 drought on Olkarkar group ranch, Kajiado, Kenya. ODI Pastoral Development Network Paper (UK), no. 23e: 14p. Overseas Development Inst., London (UK). Agricultural Administration Unit.

Descriptors: KENYA; KAJIADO DISTRICT; OLKARKAR; GROUP RANCHES; DROUGHT; LIVESTOCK; OWNERSHIP; RESEARCH.

 
051521

Dumas; Royer; Fouga; Richard; Courtois 1976. Emergency projects in irrigation and livestock development in Wabi Shebelle and Fafan river basins. Relief and Rehabilitation Commission, Addis Ababa (Ethiopia); Bureau Central d'Etudes pour les Equipements d'Outre-Mer, Grande Motte (France). [various pages].

Analyzes the work and investigations carried out in the Wabi Shebelle and Fafau river basins of Ethiopia by ahydraulic engineer, a grazing specialist, and zootechnicans, with the object of examining the animal breeding situation and proposing measures to improve it and protect it against a new outbreak of drought.

Descriptors: ETHIOPIA; LIVESTOCK; ANIMAL BREEDING; ANIMAL FEEDING; ANIMAL HEALTH; MARKETING; WATER RESOURCES; DROUGHT; AGROSTOLOGY; PASTURES.
 

051752

Moris, J.R. 1988. OXFAM's Kenya restocking projects. ODI Pastoral Development Network Paper (UK), no. 26c: 21p. Overseas Development Inst. London (UK) Agricultural Administration Unit.

Descriptors: KENYA; DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS; DEVELOPMENT AID; TECHNICAL AID; FOOD AID; GRAZING INTENSITY; PASTORALISM.

 
052093

Campbell, D.J.; Axinn, G.H. 1980. Pastoralism in Kenya. Obsolete societies en route to extinction, or appropriate technologies for a fragile environment?. AUFS Reports (USA), no. 30: 12p American Universities Field Staff, Hanover, N.H. (USA).

Descriptors: KENYA; PASTORALISM; ECOLOGY; LIVESTOCK NUMBERS; DROUGHT.
 

052406

Moris, J. 1988. Failing to cope with drought: The plight of Africa's ex-pastoralists. Development Policy Review (UK), v. 6(3): p. 269-294.

Descriptors: AFRICA; DROUGHT; PASTORALISTS; ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS; IRRIGATION; AGRICULTURAL POLICIES; SOIL CONSERVATION; WATER CONSERVATION.

 
052471

McCabe, J.T. 1987. Drought and recovery: Livestock dynamics among the Ngisonyoka Turkana of Kenya. Human Ecology (USA), v. 15(4): p. 371-389.

Discusses the effects of a two-year drought on the nomadic pastoral Ngisonyoka Turkana and on their livestock population. Includes duty on mortality rates and offtake for the animals followed by the recovery process.

Descriptors: KENYA; TURKANA ETHNIC GROUP; LIVESTOCK; DROUGHT; PASTORALISTS; CLIMATE; ANIMAL POPULATION; MORTALITY.

 
053558

Scoones, I. 1989. Economic and ecological carrying capacity implications for livestock development in the dryland communal areas of Zimbabwe. ODI Pastoral Development Network Paper (UK), no. 276: 26p. Overseas Development Inst., London (UK). Agricultural Administration Unit.

Discusses economic and ecological carrying capacity implications for livestock development in the dryland communal areas of Zimbabwe. Clarify some of the issues, such as, policy contradications, the livestock productivity, stocking rate, economic measures, biological measures, ecological sustainablity and drought movements of cattle.

Descriptors: ZIMBABWE; ANIMAL PRODUCTION; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; LIVESTOCK; ANIMAL ECOLOGY; DRY LANDS; AGRICULTURAL POLICIES; GRAZING INTENSITY; PRODUCTIVITY; LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SYSTEMS; DROUGHT.

 
055451

Aregay Waktola 1983. Strategies of development and rehabilitation in three pastoral areas of Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, v. 5(1): p. 64-74.

Reviews the ecological and socioeconomic backgrounds of pastoral life prevailing in the Ethiopian rangelands and goals & strategies of the Rangelands Development Project.

Descriptors: ETHIOPIA; RANGELANDS; PASTORALISM; REHABILITATION; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; ECOLOGY; DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS.
 

055843

Downing, T.E. (ed.); Gitu, K.W. (ed.); Kamau, C.M. (ed.) 1989. Coping with drought in Kenya. National and local strategies. Boulder (USA): Lynne Rienner Publishers. 411p

Descriptors: KENYA; DROUGHT; HISTORY; MONITORING; FORECASTING; FOOD SUPPLY; FOOD STOCKS; CEREALS; YIELDS; TANZANIA; NUTRITION; HOUSEHOLDS; FOOD AID; HEALTH; EDUCATION; PASTORALISTS; FOOD POLICIES.
 

056181

Mace, R. 1989. Gambling with goats: Variability in herd growth among restocked pastoralists in Kenya. ODI Pastoral Development Network Paper (UK), no. 28a: 16p. Overseas Development Inst., London (UK). Agricultural Administration Unit.

analyses the variability in herd growth among restocked pastoralists in Kenya. Discusses the relationship between household herd size and other sources of income.

Descriptors: KENYA; GOATS; PASTORALISTS; HERD SIZE; HERD STRUCTURE; HOUSEHOLDS; INCOME.

 
056667

Berhe, C. 1989. Disaster prevention in dry lands. An overview of national efforts in Ethiopia and case studies of the Ethiopian Red Cross Society. IIED Paper, no. 4: 8p. IIED, London (UK). Drylands Programme.

Descriptors: ETHIOPIA; DEVELOPMENT AID; DRYLANDS; DROUGHT; FAMINE; NATURAL DISASTERS; TECHNICAL AID; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; SOIL EROSION; DEFORESTATION; POPULATION; LAND USE; REHABILITATION.

 
057646

Moris, J.R. 1988. Interventions for African pastoral development under adverse production trends. African Livestock Policy Analysis Network Paper (Ethiopia), no. 16: 17p. ILCA, Addis Ababa (Ethiopia). Livestock Economics Div.

Reviews the characteristics of African pastoralism. Describes the major technical land institutional interventions along with the reasons why they have proved so difficult. The technical interventions include water development breed improvement, grazing blocks, range management, veterinary campaigns, tick control, fodder banks, grazing cells, abattoirs and introduction of camels & goats, and the institutional interventions include group ranches, parastatal ranches, fattening programs, service centres & barefoot veterinarians, herders' associations, mobile extension units, restocking projects, sedentarization, irrigation and water harvesting.

Descriptors: AFRICA; PASTORALISM; DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES; GROUP RANCHES; FATTENING; BREED IMPROVEMENT; RANGE MANAGEMENT; VETERINARY SERVICES; IRRIGATION; WATER DEVELOPMENT; FODDER BANK.
 

060106

Cossins, N. 1985. Pastoralists and the drought in the southern rangelands of Ethiopia. ILCA/JEPSS Research Memorandum, no. 20: 6p. Joint ILCA/RDP Ethiopian Pastoral Systems Study Programme, Addis Ababa (Ethiopia).

Descriptors: ETHIOPIA; SIDAMO; BORANA ETHNIC GROUP; DROUGHT; FAMINE; PASTORALISM.
 

060107

Donaldson, T.J.; Cossins, N. 1984. Drought in the southern rangelands of Ethiopia. ILCA/JEPSS Research Memorandum, no. 15: 13p. Joint ILCA/RDP Ethiopian Pastoral Systems Study Programme, Addis Ababa (Ethiopia).

Descriptors: ETHIOPIA; SIDAMO; BORANA ETHNIC GROUP; DROUGHT; FOOD STOCKS; FOOD SUPPLY.

 
061101

Meadows, S.J.; White, J.M. 1979. Structure of the cattle herd determinants of offtake rates in Kajiado District in Kenya 1962-1977. [no publisher but document available in ILCA Library]. 20p.

Examines structure of the cattle herd, herd growth and off take over a lengthy period, and the determinants of sales in the pastoral society of Kajiado District of Kenya.

Descriptors: KENYA; KAJIADO DISTRICT; HERD STRUCTURE; HERD COMPOSITION; ANIMAL POPULATION; ANIMAL DISEASES; DROUGHT; FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASES.
 

061671

Mace, R. 1989. Gambling with goats: Variability in herd growth among restocked pastoralists in Kenya. Paper - Pastoral Development Network (UK), no. 28a.: 16p. London (UK): Pastoral Development Network, Overseas Development Institute.

Descriptors: KENYA; GOATS; ANIMAL PRODUCTION; LIVESTOCK NUMBERS; PASTORALISM.
 

062467

Boudet, G. 1989. Evolution de la vegetation des parcours saheliens et possibilities de rehabilitation. Fourrages (France), no. 120: p. 401-415.

Descriptors: AMENAGEMENT DES PARCOURS; SYSTEME DE CULTURE; PASTORALISME; SECHERESSE; CULTURE FOURRAGERE; SAHEL.

 
062471

Leeuw, P.N. de 1990. Interactive effects of environment, management and mortality on cattle productivity in livestock systems in sub-Saharan Africa. In: Kuil, H. (ed.), Paling, R.W. (ed.), Huhn, J.E. (ed.) Livestock production and diseases in the tropics. Proceedings of a conference, p. 29-38. University of Utrecht (The Netherlands). Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. 6. International Conference of Institutes for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Wageningen (The Netherlands), 28 Aug-1 Sep 1989.

Analyses the productivity of different livestock production systems in sub-Saharan Africa and compares the output with higher-input ranching systems in similar environments to indicate potential improvements in productivity in response to better feeding, management and health care. Gives emphasis to the role of mortality and factors that influence death rates and examines effects of drought and discusses the consequences of the losses.

Descriptors: AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; CATTLE; ENVIRONMENT; LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT; MORTALITY; PRODUCTIVITY; PASTORALISM; DROUGHT; ANIMAL POPULATION; ETHIOPIA; SEASONS; LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SYSTEM; CALVES; AGE; MILK YIELD; ANIMAL DISEASES; ANIMAL NUTRITION.

 
062486

Livingstone, A.; McPherson, H.J. 1990. Water supplies for pastoral peoples in Africa. Sustainable agriculture in Africa. Proceedings of a workshop. Trenton, NJ (USA): Africa World Press, Inc. p.221-231 Workshop on Agricultural Systems and Research, Edmonton (Canada), May 1987.

Discusses the constraints which influence the provision of water to nomadic pastoralists in Africa. Examines constraints such as, environmental constraints like drought, desertification, water quality etc, demographic constraints, economic , socio-cultural and political constraints. Outlines key elements which should be considered when planning and implementing a water supply programme.

Descriptors: AFRICA; PASTORALISTS; WATER SUPPLY; ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS; CONSTRAINTS; DEMOGRAPHY; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; SOCIAL ASPECTS; POLITICAL ASPECTS; DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES.

 
062508

Wilson, W.; Asmarom Legesse 1990. Nomads' dialogue. Development instead of relief. A meeting of herders, farmers, and artisans from East and West Africa. African Development Foundation, Washington, D.C. (USA). 56p. Meeting of Herders, Farmers, and Artisans from East and West Africa, Ndutu (Tanzania) , [no date].

Descriptors: AFRICA; DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS; NOMADIC PASTORALISM; NOMADS; DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY; DROUGHT; TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER; INNOVATION ADOPTION; POVERTY; FARMING SYSTEMS.
 

062767

Peters, K.J. 1989. Does the goat have a future in improved production systems in developing countries in the tropics. In: Proceedings of the Second National Livestock Improvement Conference, p. 17-32. Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa (Ethiopia). 2. National Livestock Improvement Conference, Addis Ababa (Ethiopia), 24-26 Feb 1988.

More than 90 percent of the world's goat population is found in tropical and subtropical regions, mainly associated with pastoral and mixed farming systems in drier regions but also with small-scale farming systems of the humid tropics. Specific biological features -- especially feeding behavior, reproductive efficiency, and small body size - are important for integrating goats into pastoral and also poor-resource smallholder farming systems. The future role of goats in developing the range system is associated with benefits from mixed herding of natural range to increase total biomass offtake, to use goat for bush control, to balance output over the year, and the increase destocking and restocking flexibility. In mixed farming systems the goat fulfills an important function in converting scarce resources (feed, labor) into valued products and thus provide a base for capital generation and risk dispersion. In crop-based systems cattle will be the lead species in meeting the needs for draft power and animal products. Goats seem to be less efficient in converting low-quality roughage than cattle. Because of higher labor cost and operational expenses per head goats are favored only in systems when inputs can be kept low and resources are limited, while cattle are favoured for larger scale operations.

Descriptors: GOATS; GOAT MILK; LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT; ANIMAL PRODUCTION; ANIMAL FIBRES; FEEDING PREFERENCES; FEEDING SYSTEMS; CROPPING SYSTEMS; GRASSLAND MANAGEMENT; SMALL FARMS; TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE; TROPICAL ZONES; TROPICAL AFRICA.
 

062886

Bovin, M. 1990. Nomads of the drought: Fulbe and Wodaabe nomads between power and marginalization in the Sahel of Burkina Faso and Niger Republic. In: Bovin, M. (ed.), Manger, L. (ed.) Adaptive strategies in African arid lands.Proceedings from a seminar at the Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, p.29-57. Uppsala (Sweden): Nordiska Afrikainst. Adaptive Strategies in African Arid Lands, Uppsala (Sweden), 13-16 Apr 1989.

Descriptors: BURKINA FASO; NOMADISM; DROUGHT; PASTORALISM; AGROPASTORAL SYSTEMS; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; NIGER; SAHEL; ARID ZONES; ADAPTATION; SURVIVAL.
 

063540

ILCA, Addis Ababa (Ethiopia). 1985. ILCA Bulletin, no. 21. (Bulletin du CIPEA, no. 21). 28p.

Descriptors: AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; ETHIOPIA; ILCA; CROPPING SYSTEMS; MOISTURE; FAMINE; PASTORAL SYSTEMS; IMPORTS; MILK PRODUCTS; RAINFALL; DROUGHT; LIVESTOCK; PRICES; GOVERNMENT POLICIES.

 
063546

ILCA, Addis Ababa (Ethiopia). 1987. ILCA Bulletin, no. 27. (Bulletin du CIPEA, no. 27). 44p.

Descriptors: AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; ILCA; MILK PROCESSING; MILK PRODUCTION; PLOUGH; VERTISOLS; SORGHUM; LIVESTOCK; MILK PRODUCTS; PASTORAL ECONOMY; DROUGHT; BROADBED MAKERS; CROP RESIDUES.

 
063671

O'Leary, M.F.O. 1990. Drought and change amongst northern Kenya nomadic pastoralists: The case of the Rendille and Gabra. In: Palsson, G. (ed.) From water to world-making. African models and arid lands, p. 151-174. Uppsala (Sweden): Nordiska Afrikainst. Workshop on Symbols and Resource Management in African Arid Lands, Helsingfors (Finland)

Descriptors: KENYA; ETHNIC GROUPS; PASTORALISM; DROUGHT; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; HISTORY; LIVESTOCK; ECONOMIC SITUATION.
 

064701

Abel, N. 1990. De-stocking communal pastures in southern Africa: Is it worth it?. [no publisher but document available in ILCA Library]. 38p. Technical Meeting on Savannah Development and Pasture Production, Woburn (UK), 19-21 Nov 1990.

Describes drought, low productivity per head, over-accumulation of stock, insufficient supply of milk and meat for export and urban consumption and land degradation as being the main constraints limiting livestock development in sub-Saharan Africa. Indicates pastoralists as to move from opportunistic stocking strategy to a strategy in which stock numbers are held at levels which give a higher productivity per animal, do not fluctuate so widely over time, do not degrade the range and do not result in high mortality during drought. Acknowledges the need to integrate the major aspects of the problem: stocking density, variation of density over time, land degradation, output per hectare and output per head

Descriptors: SOUTHERN AFRICA; BOTSWANA; GRAZING INTENSITY; LIVESTOCK; RANGELANDS; GRASSLAND MANAGEMENT; PASTORALISTS; PASTURES; GRAZING; ANIMAL PRODUCTS; MORTALITY; DROUGHT; LAND DEGRADATION; CATTLE; INTEGRATED SYSTEMS; RESOURCES; FARMING SYSTEMS; INFORMATION SERVICES; COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; COSTS; ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS; POLICIES.
 

064716

Kassam, A.; Gemecheu Megersa 1990. Aloof alolla: The inside and outside. Booran oroko environmental law and methods of conservation. [no publisher but document available in ILCA Library]. 17p.

Descriptors: EAST AFRICA; KENYA; ETHIOPIA; PASTORAL SOCIETY; GABRA OROMO; ETHNICITY; TRADITIONAL SOCIETY; BORAN ETHNIC GROUP; ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS; METHODS; DESERTIFICATION; PASTORALISTS; CIVILIZATION; POLICIES; LIVESTOCK; ANIMAL BREEDING; HERDS; ZOOTECHNY; NATURE CONSERVATION; NATURAL DISASTERS; RESEARCH; DEGRADATION; RURAL SETTLEMENT.
 

065492

Teitzel, J.K.; Wilson, R.J.; Mellor, W. 1991. Productive and stable pasture systems of cattle fattening in the humid tropics. I. Field testing on a naturally fertile site. Agricultural Systems, v. 36(3): p. 251-265.

New technology was assembled into 5 pasture/cattle fattening systems which were studied over 11 years on a naturally fertile site in the humid tropics of Queensland. Two were mixed grass + legume systems (AGL, no fertilizer applied) The other 3 were integrated systems (INT) which combined the characteristics of grass + legume and pure grass pastures given N fertilizer. The two AGL mixtures were sown to either Panicum maximum cv. Common alone or + Centrosema pubescens cv. Common (old cultivars, GC), or P. maximum cv. Makueni + C. pubescens cv. Belalto (MB, new cultivars). The same combinations were used in the grass + legume components of 2 of the INT systems, with the 3rd containing P. maximum cv. Common and C. pubescens cv. Belalto (GB). The pure grass component of the INT systems was Brachiaria decumbens. Sustainable carrying capacities (steers/ha) and expected liveweight gains (kg/ha per year) for each system were: AGL:GC, 2.7 and 490; AGL:MB, 3.0 and 550; INT:GC, 3.3 and 600; INT:MB, 3.5 and 650; INT:GB, 3.4 and 630. Deliberate application of stocking rates some 40 percent higher than the sustainable ones, resulted in weed invasion and reduced animal production. All systems were then rehabilitated by destocking for 3 months and then gradually increasing to about the above-quoted safe carrying capacities. Stable productivity at such levels was contrary to most experience with pastures in the humid tropics. This was considered to be due to a good understanding of the mineral nutritional requirements of the legumes.

Descriptors: AUSTRALIA; QUEENSLAND; CATTLE; STOCKING RATE; CROPS; PASTURES; WEEDS; TROPICS.

 
066070

ILCA, Addis Ababa (Ethiopia). 1986. An aerial reconnaissance of post-drought livestock and human population estimate and ecological conditions in the Southern Rangelands Development Unit (July 1986). 120p.

Descriptors: ETHIOPIA; LIVESTOCK; DROUGHT; HUMAN POPULATION; ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS; RANGELANDS; AERIAL SURVEYING; METHODS; DATA ANALYSIS; SHEEP; GOATS; CAMELS; EQUINES; CATTLE; DISTRIBUTION; CULTIVATION; FARMS; SORDU; PASTORALISTS; BORANA.

 
066200

Ethiopian Red Cross Society, Addis Ababa. Disaster Prevention Program; VIAK Consulting Engineers, Vallingby (Sweden). 1986. Pastoralist rehabilitation and development. Irrigation projects in the Gewane and Assaita areas. 126p.

Reports that in the Gewane and Assaita areas, the Ethiopian Red Cross Society was approached by the Afar clan leaders to develop areas for irrigated agriculture and grazing. The alternative sites suggested by the Afars were inspected and the soil and water conditions surveyed. In the Gewane area, Amasa Buri was proposed as the first priority to be developed because the area was easily accessible from the main road, training facilities were available adjacent to the area and floading, drainage and soil salinity problems were minor compared with the alternative site at Galila Dura. In the Assaita area, Maala could be provided with irrigation water from the existing canal system of Tendaho Agricultural Development Enterprise. The present infrastructure of the state farm could easily be extended to the proposed area. The soil and water quality of the area was suitable for irrigated agriculture and grazing. In both areas pilot irrigation projects of 200 ha irrigated agriculture were proposed. To facilitate further expansion of the pilot projects, a study of 1000 ha at both sites was suggested. The study includes a topographical survey, a land-use plan, irrigation and drainage design, socio-cultural features and housing layout and design.

Descriptors: ETHIOPIA; GEWANE; ASSAITA; PASTORALISTS; REHABILITATION; DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS; IRRIGATION; CAMELS; LAND USE; GRAZING; AFAR ETHNIC GROUP; DRAINAGE; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; SURVEYING; RECOMMENDATIONS; MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES; SITE SELECTION; SOIL FERTILITY; CROPS.
 

067238

Tamboura, I. 1987. Assainissement de la zone pastorale d'accueil de Sideradougou. (Rehabilitation of Sideradougou pastoral zone). In: Toure, S.M.(ed.) Compte rendu. Seminaire sous-regional sur la planification de l'utilisation et de la mise en valeur des sols dans les zones affectees par la trypanosomiase animale africaine, p. 145-149. Seminaire Sous-Regional sur la Planification de l'Utilisation et de la Mise en Valeur des Sols dans les Zones Affectees par la Trypanosomiase Animale Africaine, Niamey (Niger), 1-5 Dec 1987.

Descriptors: BURKINA FASO; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; TRYPANOSOMIASIS; GLOSSINA; INSECT CONTROL; PASTURE IMPROVEMENT; DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS; FAO.

 
067518

Al-Najim, M.N. 1991. Changes in the species composition of pastoral herds in Bay region, Somalia. ODI Pastoral Development Network Paper (UK), no. 31b: 14p. Overseas Development Inst., London (UK).

Provides evidence for shifts in the species composition of Somali livestock herds, examines the ratios among herd species and offers possible explanations for such changes. Also shows how changes in herd composition have been caused by technical and economic factors such as the provision of new water supplies and changes in livestock export demand. Indicates that the shift in herd species composition has led to some problems in terms of reduced pastoral resistance to drought and the depletion of palatable herbaceous species of vegetation.

Descriptors: SOMALIA; BAY; PASTORAL SYSTEMS; HERDS; SPECIES COMPOSITION; LIVESTOCK; ECONOMIC ASPECTS; HUMAN POPULATION; EXPORTS; VETERINARY SERVICES; WATER SUPPLY.
 

067519

Tapson, D.R. 1991. The overstocking and offtake controversy re-examined for the case of Kwazulu. ODI Pastoral Development Network Paper (UK), no. 31a: 22p. Overseas Development Inst., London (UK).

Reports that as a first step to correcting land degradation in Kwazulu, large-scale destocking must occur, which would make possible the introduction of improved grazing management practices. Emphasises that this would not only halt or reverse the degradation but improve the output from the herd. Describes various aspects of herd dynamics, cattle as wealth and policy implications.

Descriptors: SOUTH AFRICA; KWAZULU; CATTLE; ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION; OVERSTOCKING; HERD DYNAMICS; STATISTICS; MORTALITY; HERD SIZE; MILK PRODUCTION; SLAUGHTERING; POLICIES; SUSTAINABILITY; ECOLOGY; EROSION.
 

067607

Hashi, A.M. 1989. Preliminary observations on camel milk production and composition. Camel Forum Working Paper (Somalia), no. 30: 11p. Somali Academy of Sciences, Mogadishu.

Presents preliminary observations on the nutritional content of camel milk produced by different livestock and examines the percentage gross chemical composition and range cited in literature i.e. fat 2.6 - 5.5, protein 2.0 - 5.5, total solids 12.12 - 14.3 and solids-non-fat 7.0 - 14.4.

Descriptors: SOMALIA; MILK PRODUCTION; MILK COMPOSITION; MILK; CAMELS; LIVESTOCK; MARKETS; LACTATION; DROUGHT; MILK YIELD; PASTORALISM; ARID ZONES; ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS; MANAGEMENT SYSTEM; DIET.

 
068130

Stone, J.C. (ed.) 1991. Pastoral economies in Africa and long term responses to drought. Proceedings of a colloquium at the University of Aberdeen, April 1990. Aberdeen Univ. African Studies Group, Aberdeen (UK). 287p. Colloquium on Pastoral Economies in Africa and Long-Term Responses to Drought, Aberdeen (UK),9-10 Apr 1990.

Reviews the current area of concern and debate in Africa, that is, the question of long-term responses to drought in African pastoralist societies or in mixed economies with a significant element of pastoralism. Discusses various issues of different participants from different backgrounds and disciplines involved in understanding drought and in devising long-term strategies. Focuses mainly on environmental circumstances of drought, pastoralists response and institutional reactions to drought (historical perspectives and recent case studies), and overview and policy prescriptions (ecological and structural).

Descriptors: AFRICA; DROUGHT; PASTORAL ECONOMY; PASTORALISM; ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS; AUSTRALIA; CATTLE; RURAL POVERTY; MARKETING; RANGE MANAGEMENT; COLONIALISM; FOOD SUPPLY; WATER RESOURCES; SETTLEMENT; ACACIA.

 
068131

Kay, R.N.B. 1991. Responses of livestock and wild herbivores to drought. In: Stone, J.C. (ed.) Pastoral economies in Africa and long term responses to drought. Proceedings of a colloquium at the University of Aberdeen, April 1990, p. 22-23. Aberdeen Univ. African Studies Group, Aberdeen (UK). Colloquium on Pastoral Economies in Africa and Long-Term Responses to Drought, Aberdeen (UK),9-10 Apr 1990.

Summarizes how herbivores (especially ruminants) respond to the hot and dry conditions that they experience during a drought in Africa. Describes mainly their physiological and behavioral responses and so provides a background for later contributions that are concerned with the management and performance of livestock during drought. Generally, concludes that most herbivores can withstand heat and water shortage quite well, provided conditions do not become extreme. However, malnutrition will inevitably develop as pasture productivity declines under drought and overgrazing. This will affect most seriously animals like cattle that cannot range far from water and that depend mainly on drought susceptible grasses rather than on more resistant shrubs and trees.

Descriptors: AFRICA; LIVESTOCK; HERBIVORES; WILD ANIMALS; DROUGHT; LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT; PASTURE ESTABLISHMENT; OVERGRAZING; CATTLE; GRASSES; SHRUBS; TREES.
 

068132

Drabner, H.-J. 1991. Governmental support for the survival of nomadic pastoralists in East Africa. In: Stone, J.C. (ed.) Pastoral economies in Africa and long term responses to drought. Proceedings of a colloquium at the University of Aberdeen, April 1990, p. 279-283. Aberdeen Univ. African Studies Group, Aberdeen (UK). Colloquium on Pastoral Economies in Africa and Long-Term Responses to Drought, Aberdeen (UK), 9-10 Apr 1990.

Discusses that outdated agrarian structures inherited from colonialism and feudalism as well as the preservation of land-use systems oriented toward subsistence economy (such as nomadic animal husbandry) are essential causes of the widening gap between the increase in population and the insufficient rise of food production in sub-Saharan Africa. This permanent food crisis becomes particularly severe in case of natural catastrophes or economic complications. Describes the severe food shortage which occurred in 1985 in Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan and Tanzania as a result. Considers the relevance of supply with animal protein and describes animal production as an important national economic resource in the East African countries which comprise more than 40 percent of the total African livestock although it has been insufficiently developed upto now. Regards the production increase per animal achieved during the past 20 years as primarily through livestock increase and less due to increase of efficiency per animal. Emphasises the need for a comprehensive programme of action initiated and implemented in close collaboration of the government and the nomadic population in the concerning countries and indicates the possible approaches and strategies to be considered.

Descriptors: AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; NOMADS; PASTORALISTS; GOVERNMENT SERVICES; ETHIOPIA; KENYA; SOMALIA; SUDAN; TANZANIA; BURUNDI; AGRARIAN STRUCTURE; COLONIALISM; LAND USE; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; POPULATION GROWTH; FOOD PRODUCTION; ECONOMIC RESOURCES.
 

068133

Prothero, R.M. 1991. Notes on the health of pastoralists. In: Stone, J.C. (ed.) Pastoral economies in Africa and long term responses to drought. Proceedings of a colloquium at the University of Aberdeen, April 1990, p. 45-53. Aberdeen Univ. African Studies Group, Aberdeen (UK). Colloquium on Pastoral Economies in Africa and Long-Term Responses to Drought, Aberdeen (UK), 9-10 Apr 1990.

Discusses the mobility characteristics of pastoralists in their adaptation to harsh environments and of the various problems that mobility posed for their health. Stresses mainly on, ethnic distribution, social organization, population structure and mobility, economy, physical environment, disease epidemiology, vector entomology, health services, and international law and politics.

Descriptors: AFRICA; PASTORALISTS; PUBLIC HEALTH; DROUGHT; ENVIRONMENT; POLITICAL ASPECTS; PASTORALISM; ETHINICITY; POPULATION DISTRIBUTION; PASTORAL ECONOMY; DISEASES; EPIDEMIOLOGY; VECTORS; EAST AFRICA; MALI.

 
068134

Maghimbi, S. 1991. The riverside Masai: Cattle economy, drought and settlement pattern in the Pangani river valley. In: Stone, J.C. (ed.) Pastoral economies in Africa and long term responses to drought. Proceedings of a colloquium at the University of Aberdeen, April 1990, p. 62-68. Aberdeen Univ. African Studies Group, Aberdeen (UK). Colloquium on Pastoral Economies in Africa and Long-Term Responses to Drought, Aberdeen (UK), 9-10 Apr 1990.

Describes the Masai of Tanzania and Kenya as one of the few pure pastoralists existing on the earth now. They are completely ignorant of agriculture and purely survive on nomadism tending basically four types of animals - cattle, goats, sheep and donkeys. Analyses their response to drought and especially the noted tendency of some Masai pastoralists to settle along the Pangani river valley. Examines the semi-permanent settlement pattern of the nomadic life and investigates the advantages and problems of the riverside settlement. Also analyses the effect of the new settlement pattern on their economy and evaluates the attempts to fight drought by constructing dams along the Pangani valley in relationship to their cattle economy.

Descriptors: KENYA; TANZANIA; DROUGHT; MASAI ETHNIC GROUP; CATTLE; PASTORAL ECONOMY; SETTLEMENT; NOMADISM; PASTORALISM; PANGANI RIVER; MILK; MEAT; FOOD PRODUCTION; POPULATION CENSUS; MIXED FARMING; RINDERPEST; GRAZING; PASTORALISTS.

 
068135

Dietz, T. 1991. Crisis survival strategies: A summary of concepts and an example from the semi-pastoral Pokot in Kenya/Uganda. In: Stone, J.C. (ed.) Pastoral economies in Africa and long term responses to drought. Proceedings of a colloquium at the University of Aberdeen, April 1990, p. 86-108. Aberdeen Univ. African Studies Group, Aberdeen (UK). Colloquium on Pastoral Economies in Africa and Long-Term Responses to Drought, Aberdeen (UK), 9-10 Apr 1990.

Reports summary of various concepts on crisis survival strategies of pastoralist households with an example from the semi-pastoral Pokot in Kenya and Uganda. Emphasises that it is useful to regard the recent attention for both survival strategies and coping mechanisms as part of the attention for livelihood strategies in a more broad sense. Describes both coping mechanisms and survival strategies as having preventive elements, curative elements and elements for combining the two and discusses each element further.

Descriptors: KENYA; UGANDA; POKOT DISTRICT; SURVIVAL; STRATEGY; ECONOMIC CRISIS; PASTORALISM; ANIMAL PRODUCTS; GRAINS; ANIMAL HEALTH; EXCHANGE RATE; MOBILITY; ENVIRONMENT; FOODS.
 

068136

Campbell, D.J. 1991. The impact of development upon strategies for coping with drought among the Maasai of Kajiado District, Kenya. In: Stone, J.C. (ed.) Pastoral economies in Africa and long term responses to drought. Proceedings of a colloquium at the University of Aberdeen, April 1990, p. 116-128. Aberdeen Univ. African Studies Group, Aberdeen (UK). Colloquium on Pastoral Economies in Africa and Long-Term Responses to Drought, Aberdeen (UK), 9-10 Apr 1990.

Examines the impact of changes in socioeconomic and political conditions over the past century upon the coping strategies available to the pastoral Maasai of Kajiado District, Kenya. Discusses that responses to drought among the Maasai are integral to the structure of society-environment interaction and are therefore liable to change as the developmental context is altered. Colonial and post-colonial development policies failed to recognize this relationship and have altered the efficacy and variety of coping strategies such that the Maasai are today more vulnerable to the effects of drought. Emphasises that development strategies which enhance the diversity and productivity of the Maasai economy are required to prevent the economic and social marginalization of the majority of the Maasai.

Descriptors: KENYA; MAASAI ETHNIC GROUP; KAJIADO; DROUGHT; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; POLITICAL ASPECTS; ENVIRONMENT; SOCIETY; POLICIES; INTERACTIONS; COLONIALISM; FOOD SHORTAGE; PRODUCTIVITY; PASTORAL SOCIETIES.

 
068137

Newton, R.F. 1991. Pastoralism in semi-desert: Limited permanent water as a factor in the conservation of habitat and in the prevention of famine. In: Stone, J.C. (ed.) Pastoral economies in Africa and long term responses to drought. Proceedings of a colloquium at the University of Aberdeen, April 1990,p. 138-140. Aberdeen Univ. African Studies Group, Aberdeen (UK). Colloquium on Pastoral Economies in Africa and Long-Term Responses to Drought, Aberdeen (UK), 9-10 Apr 1990.

Discusses the nature and extent of nomadic pastoralism in semi-desert areas with special emphasis to North-East Kenya where there is limited permanent water as a factor in the conservation of habitat and in the prevention of famine; describes ranching as the only possible alternative and nomadic way of life as the only practicable way for the people to live in such type of environments.

Descriptors: EAST AFRICA; NOMADISM; PASTORALISM; RANCHING; NATURE CONSERVATION; ENVIRONMENT; KENYA; ETHIOPIA; SOMALIA; METEOROLOGY; SOILS; GRAZING; DRAINAGE; VEGETATION; WATER.
 

068138

Gillard-Byers, T.E. 1991. Marketing activities of the Baggara transhumants: Some effects of drought on market behavior. In: Stone, J.C. (ed.) Pastoral economies in Africa and long-term responses to drought. Proceedings of acolloquium at the University of Aberdeen, April 1990, p. 170-184. Aberdeen Univ. African Studies Group, Aberdeen (UK). Colloquium on Pastoral Economies in Africa and Long-Term Responses to Drought, Aberdeen (UK), 9-10 Apr 1990.

Deals with price volatility which occurred over the course of the drought in South Kordofan province (Sudan) at several locations, incorporating other primary data to describe the potential impact on nutritional levels within the transhumant household and providing an alternative marketing strategy which would provide a degree of nutritional security during extended drought periods under similar settings. Describes the Baggara (cattle owning people) transhumants (migrating along fixed routes) of Sudan, as migrating along routes crossing the Southern Kordofan Province and entering the Northern Kordofan Province of the country. Also discusses the environmental conditions of the area and socioeconomic organization and production and marketing systems of the people.

Descriptors: AFRICA; SUDAN; MARKETING; DROUGHT; BAGGARA TRIBE; TRANSHUMANCE; ENVIRONMENT; SOCIOECONOMIC ORGANIZATION; PRODUCTION SYSTEMS; MARKET STRUCTURE; PLANNING; LIVESTOCK; SOILS; ENERGY; PROTEIN.

 
068139

Perkins, J.S. 1991. Drought, cattle keeping and range degradation in the Kalahari, Botswana. In: Stone, J.C. (ed.) Pastoral economies in Africa and long term responses to drought. Proceedings of a colloquium at the University of Aberdeen, April 1990, p. 185-196. Aberdeen Univ. African Studies Group, Aberdeen (UK). Colloquium on Pastoral Economies in Africa and Long-Term Responses to Drought, Aberdeen (UK), 9-10 Apr 1990.

Describes drought as a factor which exacerbates many of the problems already experienced in the utilization of Botswana's rangelands, confounding attempts to isolate specific drought impacts, and necessitating a firm understanding of the course livestock development has taken in the country. It appears to follow a cyclical pattern with each dry group of years serving to drastically reduce the national cattle herd and accentuate fears of rangeland degradation. Indicates that the Botswana government's Drought Relief Programme has effectively prevented widespread malnutrition, but in the absence of schemes to promote livestock ownership and other viable means of self-determination, it will also be instrumental in maintaining herders and other sandveld dwellers at subsistence level.

Descriptors: BOTSWANA; DROUGHT; CATTLE; RANGE DEGRADATION; KALAHARI; STOKING RATE; MALNUTRITION; ANIMAL POPULATION; SUBSISTENCE FARMING; HUMAN POPULATION; ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS; ARIDITY; METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS.
 

068140

Topps, J.H. 1991. Problems in establishing a livestock policy compatible with combating the long-term effects of drought. In: Stone, J.C. (ed.) Pastoral economies in Africa and long term responses to drought. Proceedings of a colloquium at the University of Aberdeen, April 1990, p. 221-226. Aberdeen Univ. African Studies Group, Aberdeen (UK). Colloquium on Pastoral Economies in Africa and Long-Term Responses to Drought, Aberdeen (UK), 9-10 Apr 1990.

Refers to the widespread concern that large tracts of Africa, such as the Sahelian region, are permanently short of food and are becoming more and more dependent upon outside aid. The response to this concern has centered on the feasibility of increasing crop and livestock production in these regions most of which are prone to drought. Identifies the major problems involved and emphasises the need for changes in environment policy and international investment, and improving the overriding problem of productivity of pastoralists and livestock owners in situations of great risk and uncertainty. Any measures that can be taken to reduce the risk and alleviate the effects of uncertainty are likely to be key factors in a development programme which is acceptable in rural communities.

Descriptors: AFRICA; LIVESTOCK; POLICIES; DROUGHT; PASTORALISM; FOOD AID; SAHEL ZONE; FOOD SUPPLY; PLANT PRODUCTION; ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; PASTORALISTS; DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES; RURAL COMMUNITIES
 

068141

Sollod, A.E. 1991. Climate-driven development policy for Sahelian pastoralists. In: Stone, J.C. (ed.) Pastoral economies in Africa and long term responses to drought. Proceedings of a colloquium at the University of Aberdeen, April 1990, p. 227-246. Aberdeen Univ. African Studies Group, Aberdeen (UK). Colloquium on Pastoral Economies in Africa and Long-Term Responses to Drought, Aberdeen (UK), 9-10 Apr 1990.

Deals with development of workable strategy and rational development policy for nomadic societies under Sahelian environment. States that the most scientifically - grounded environmental paradigm for the pastoral habitat of Sahel is one of recurrent drought causing continual changes in the dominant vegetation, with little evidence of permanent man made degradation or rapid geographic evolution. Emphasises that such a policy should encourage continued pastoral exploitation with a maximum effort to preserve drought-resistant habitats and promote the societal flexibility necessary for pastoralists to cope with climatic variation. By including the short-term drought responses of pastoralists, it is possible to design development strategy that contributes to long-term welfare in a stochastic environment.

Descriptors: SAHEL; CLIMATE; DEVELOPMENT POLICIES; DROUGHT; PASTORALISTS; ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS; VEGETATION; PLANNING; NIGER; NOMADISM; MIGRATION; FEED SUPPLEMENTS; DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES; MORTALITY.

 
068142

Doornbos, M.; Markakis, J. 1991. The crisis of pastoralism and the role of the state: Trends and issues. In: Stone, J.C. (ed.) Pastoral economies in Africa and long term responses to drought. Proceedings of a colloquium at the University of Aberdeen, April 1990, p. 270-278. Aberdeen Univ. African Studies Group, Aberdeen (UK). Colloquium on Pastoral Economies in Africa and Long-Term Responses to Drought, Aberdeen (UK), 9-10 Apr 1990.

Discusses the preliminary exploration of the political dimensions of the crisis and processes of political marginalization of African pastoralism with particular reference to the Horn. Attempts to come to a better understanding of the political ramifications and repercussions of the processes of marginalization to which many pastoralists are subjected - taking the form of political violence and the appearance of new political movements - while drawing attention to some of the longer term political implications of current policies vis-a-vis the pastoralist sector such as livestock development projects and settlement schemes and policies governing access to resources.

Descriptors: AFRICA; PASTORALISM; ECONOMIC CRISIS; MARGINAL ANALYSIS; POLITICAL ASPECTS; EAST AFRICA; PASTORALISTS; LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT; POLICIES; SETTLEMENTS; URBANIZATION.
 

068751

Webb, P.; Girma Bisrat; Coppock, D.L. 1991. Food security and sustainable growth for pastoral systems in semi-arid Africa. In: Vosti, S.A. (ed.), Reardon, T. (ed.), Urff, W. von (ed.) Agricultural sustainability, growth, and poverty alleviation: Issues and policies. Proceedings of a conference, p. 347-361. German Foundation for International Development, Feldafing.; IFPRI, Washington, D.C. (USA). DSE/IFPRI Conference on Agricultural Sustainability, Growth and Poverty Alleviation: Issues and Policies, Feldafing (Germany), 23-27 Sep 1991.

This paper explores the potential for, and limits to, sustainable agricultural growth in semi-arid Africa, with a focus on the role of pastoralism. Examines the main pressures on pastoral systems, and on the resource base upon which these depend. The paper argues that it is premature to contemplate sustainable growth until current trends in both human and biological resource degradation have been halted and reversed. Following an outline of concepts, the key features of African pastoralism are described. The third section of the paper examines the constraints on such systems, highlighting linkages between pressures on pastoralism and those on the pastoral resource base. Major strategies adopted by pastoralists in the face of increasing pressures are summarized in the fourth section. Finally, two major conclusions deriving from the analysis are presented, and these are 1. A new focus is needed on increasing inputs to pastoralism rather than on outputs, and 2. Success in reducing economic and environmental losses can only be sustained with a parallel reduction in the loss of human resources.

Descriptors: AFRICA; SEMI ARID ZONES; PASTORALISM; FOOD SUPPLY; ECONOMIC GROWTH; PASTORAL ECONOMY; POVERTY; DROUGHT; POLICY; TECHNOLOGY; MANAGEMENT; LAND USE.

 
069275

Donaldson, T.J. 1986. Pastoralism and drought. A case study of the Borana of southern Ethiopia. Reading Univ. (UK). Dept. of Agriculture and Horticulture. Faculty of Agriculture and Food. 99p.

Due to the drought conditions that were prevailing in the majority of Ethiopia during 1984 and 1985, including the Borana Plateau, a drought survey was initiated to measure the effect of a drought on the livestock and people in the region. This thesis, based on data collected from the ILCA baseline study, describes the Borana system during more normal years and the effect of two drought years on the system. Calf supplementation trial became part of the drought work and formed the basis of the chapters on strategies for minimising risk in a drought. A drought feeding programme using molasses/urea mix was also initiated and is reported in two chapters. The impact of the supplementation trial is modelled in the final chapter and the potential of calf supplementation in more normal years is discussed. Animal productivity parameters as affected by the drought showed an increase in calving interval, a decrease in calving percentage and a reduction of mean milk offtake. Results of the supplementation trial showed that calf mortality rate were reduced and due to this trial showed that calf viability, milk offtake can be sustained for longer periods.

Descriptors: ETHIOPIA; PASTORALISM; BORAN ETHNIC GROUP; CATTLE; DROUGHT; HISTORY; ANIMAL PRODUCTION; MARKETING; CALVES; MORTALITY; CALVING INTERVAL; POPULATION; ANIMAL FEEDING.
 

071803

Fratkin, E.; Roth, E.A. 1990. Drought and economic differentiation among Ariaal pastoralists of Kenya. Human Ecology (USA), v. 18(4): p. 385-402.

Descriptors: KENYA; PASTORAL SOCIETY; DROUGHT; LIVESTOCK NUMBERS; HOUSEHOLDS; LOSSES; ASSETS; POVERTY.
 

072446

Oxby, C. (ed.) 1991. Assisting African livestock keepers. The experience of four projects. Occasional Paper - Agricultural Administration Unit, Overseas Development Institute, no. 12: 61p.

The papers in this book, all originally published in ODI's Pastoral Development Network, refer to a range of subjects within pastoral development, which all emphasize the need for the participation of livestock keepers in project management. They cover a wide geographical range within frica (Nigeria, Sudan, Kenya and Botswana), and include projects both in subhumid and in semi-arid regions. The development institutions involved range from large multilateral agencies to a small Sudanese NGO. The first paper, on animal health (M. Almond), describes an example of an increasingly popular approach to the delivery of veterinary services, namely the training of herder specialists (called para-vets, barefoot vets, veterinary auxiliaries, nurses or scouts, etc.). The project has been a notable success in terms of the number of livestock vaccinated, particularly given the extremely difficult circumstances in south Sudan. The second paper (R. J. Sweet) is about range management, and lists the conclusions to be drawn from six years of work in Botswana on establishing fenced grazing areas, or 'grazing cells'. Units of 2340 ha were enclosed, and subdivided for rotational grazing. Each unit was managed by a registered group of local livestock owners, who herded a total of 300 of their own cattle in it. The scheme was not a success, and the value of the paper lies in the discussion of its shortcomings and unexpected problems, particularly the unwillingness of the livestock keepers to limit stock numbers within the grazing cells, or to recognize the problem of overgrazing as perceived by project authorities. The third paper (E. Taylor Powell) is about improving livestock feed in the subhumid zone of Nigeria: it describes the achievements and problems faced during the course of a research project set up to involve livestock keepers in fencing off a small plot of land near their homestead and in supplementing the natural pastures therein with a forage legume (stylosanthes) for use during the dry season by their own cattle. As with other comparable attempts to involve herders in cultivating fodder plants (e.g. the many schemes for cultivating 'bourgou' grass in the flood plains of the river Niger in Mali), the most serious and recurrent problems are managerial rather than technical. The final paper (J. R. Moris) is an evaluation of four restocking projects set up in various parts of Kenya with support from Oxfam. All of the papers are united in a central but unspoken message: namely the importance of involving livestock keepers in the management of the services and improved resources provided by development programmes, and the importance of listening to herders during the implementation stage, in order to adapt the details of the project in response to their felt needs.

Descriptors: AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; BOTSWANA; NIGERIA; KENYA; ANIMAL HEALTH; GRAZING SYSTEMS; PASTORAL SOCIETY; LIVESTOCK.
 

075818

Ethiopia. Ministry of Agriculture. 1993. Conference on pastoralism in Ethiopia. Executive summary. [various pages]. Conference on Pastoralism in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa (Ethiopia), 4-6 Feb 1993.

Examines what should be the role of government and government services and/or the private sector in the development of the pastoral sector in Ethiopia, bearing in mind the national government economic policy; given the changing context of pastoralism in Ethiopia, in particular those pressures towards range enclosure and settlement set off by population pressure, analyses the strategies to be pursued to reduce vulnerability to drought in these otherwise drought-prone lowland areas; and studies how to increase livestock productivity, in particular the exchange value of livestock, while ensuring the sustainability of the national resource base and the survival of local adaptive strategies.

Descriptors: ETHIOPIA; PASTORALISM; PASTORAL SOCIETIES; ECONOMIC POLICIES; PASTORAL SYSTEMS; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; LAND USE; VETERINARY SERVICES; MARKETING; DROUGHT.
 

076596

Oloka-Onyango, J.; Zie, G.; Muhereza, F. 1993. Pastoralism, crisis and transformation in Karamoja. IIED Dryland Networks Programme Issues Paper, no. 43: 19p. IIED, London (UK). Dryland Networks Programme. Workshop on "Pastoralism, Crisis and Transformation in Karamoja", Kampala (Uganda), 14-15 Aug 1992.

Descriptors: UGANDA; KARAMOJA DISTRICT; PASTORALISM; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; ECOLOGY; SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY; FAMINE.

 
077321

Ng'ethe, J.C. 1993. Group ranch concept and practice in Kenya with special emphasis on Kajiado District. In: Kategile, J.A. (ed.), Mubi, S. (ed.) Future of livestock industries in East and Southern Africa. Proceedings of a workshop, p. 187-200. ILCA, Addis Ababa (Ethiopia). Workshop on the Future of Livestock Industries in East and Southern Africa, Kadoma (Zimbabwe), 20-23 Jul 1992.

There is not enough land to be shared on an individual basis. The group ranch concept was implemented in various districts in Kenya in the mid-1960s and early 1970s and aimed at overcoming some of the problems related to sharing land resources. The sharing was based on a defined livestock quota system which was not implemented. Individual members benefits depended on herd size, especially the size of the breeding herd which determined herd growth. The group ranch approach advocated a policy of destocking through periodic livestock sales aimed at achieving proper carrying capacity but this was viewed negatively by most pastoralists. In view of unequal herd sizes and disproportionate access to communally owned resources and benefits, some of the group ranches resolved to subdivide. The emergent co-operative societies in the sub-divided group ranches lack adequate acreage of pastures to allow rotational grazing. In other words, they do not have the principal input for successful livestock production. To succeed they need to diversify the economic base which requires a smaller land base. The group ranches have unintentionally increased livestock numbers in Kajiado District and have also been effective in transferring state land to communally owned free holdings, contrary to the original objectives.

Descriptors: SHEEP; GOATS; EXTENSION ACTIVITIES; MARKETING.

 
078462

Arid Lands Information Network, Dakar-Hann (Senegal). 1993. Re-stocking in Kenya. Development Projects in Arid Lands (Senegal), no. 5: 29p.

Presents the experience of re-stocking projects carried out by oxfam over 10 years period in Kenya, to re-stock pastoralists who have lost their animals because of drought or disease. Describes some of the factors involved, raises important questions, and looks at the lessons that have been learnt from these projects. Suggestions and recommendations made in this booklet are based on the experience of re-stocking in pastoral area of Kenya.

Descriptors: KENYA; GRAZING INTENSITY; DROUGHT; PASTORALISM; DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS; MONITORING; ANIMAL HEALTH; CREDIT; FOOD SUPPLY.
 

078917

Coppock, D.L. (ed.) 1993. The Borana plateau of southern Ethiopia: synthesis of pastoral research, development and change, 1980-91. Executive summary. ILCA Systems Study, no. 5: 20p. ILCA, Addis Ababa (Ethiopia).

The Borana plateau of southern Ethiopia: synthesis of pastoral research, development and change, 1980-91 summarises results from work conducted by 40 people in the southern Ethiopian rangelands between 1980 and 1991. The first chapter reviews rangelands and rangeland development in Ethiopia. The second chapter is an introduction to the Borana plateau: natural resources and pastoral society. The next three chapters deals with vegetation dynamics and resource use, Borana household economy, and livestock husbandry and production. Effects of drought and traditional tactics for drought mitigation are discussed in chapter 6. The last two chapters present development intervention concepts, and synthesis.

Descriptors: ETHIOPIA; PASTORAL SOCIETY; BORANA ETHNIC GROUP; RANGELANDS; HOUSEHOLDS; ECONOMICS; ZOOTECHNY.
 

078963

Coppock, D.L. 1993. Constraints to development of extensive livestock systems: experiences from southern Ethiopia. In: Gill, M. (ed.), Owen, E. (ed.), Pollott, G.E. (ed.), Lawrence, T.L.J. (ed.) Animal production in developing countries, p. 87-92. Occasional Publication - British Society of Animal Production, no. 16. British Society of Animal Production, Penicuik. Symposium on Animal Production in Developing Countries, Wye (UK), Sep 1991.

This paper reviews pastoral research and development perspectives generated from the southern Ethiopian rangelands during the 1980s. This system was selected as a case study of constraints in African pastoral development because the experiences from both research and development are fairly well documented and integrated. Until recently, the Boran managed a production system that was fairly typical of semi-settled, traditional pastoralism in East Africa. However, the Boran today are in a state of considerable change that has been induced primarily by a long-term decline in the per capita supply of cows' milk, the traditional dietary staple. This imbalance has resulted from steady growth in the human population in combination with density dependent fluctuations in cattle production. Other major changes in pastoral, social and economic attitudes have occurred as a result of population pressure and exposure to the inhabitants of small towns that have emerged as a result of development of rural infrastructure since the 1970s. Overall, this pressure has led to increased instability and vulnerability of the pastoral population, but also offers new windows of opportunity for the application of technical, but especially policy oriented, interventions. It is suggested that constraints to implementing successful development activities here lie more in the limitations of external institutions and the national economy, rather than within the Boran system. Long-term population trends and opportunities for development interventions over the short term, will also be obscured by inter-drought cycles of cattle production that produce complex system interactions. Greater appreciation of the effects of such cycles on the social and economic behaviour of pastoralists could facilitate more effective development planning.

Descriptors: ETHIOPIA; LIVESTOCK; FARMING SYSTEMS; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; CONSTRAINTS; PASTORALISTS; BORANA ETHNIC GROUP; CONSTRAINTS.
 

079153

Jamal, A.; Huntsinger, L. 1993. Deterioration of a sustainable agro-silvo-pastoral system in the Sudan: the gum gardens of Kordofan. Agroforestry Systems (The Netherlands), v. 23(1): p. 23-38.

Descriptors: ACACIA SENEGAL; ACACIA SEYAL; GUM PLANTS; SUDAN; AGROFORESTRY; SILVOPASTORAL SYSTEMS; DROUGHT.

 
080562

Tapson, D. 1993. Biological sustainability in pastoral systems: The Kwazulu case. In: Behnke, R.H. Jr. (ed.), Scoones, I. (ed.) Range ecology at disequilibrium. New models of natural variability and pastoral adaptation in African Savannas, p. 118-135. Overseas Development Inst., London (UK); International Inst. for Environment and Development, London (UK); Commonwealth Secretariat, London (UK).

This chapter considers first the value of the basic grazing resource, and then questions the degree to which it has in fact been degraded as a result of grazing malpractice. This brings into question the very foundation of the argument for destocking. The arguments presented are crucial to both the sustainability of the cattle sector in Kwazulu and the issue of equity in the system. Topics covered are grassland dynamics and the Kwazulu case, sustainability of the Kwazulu grazing resource, and applicability of the stocking rate model.

Descriptors: SOUTH AFRICA; PASTORALISM; GRAZING; KWAZULU; MODELS; STOCKING RATE; SOILS; EROSION; PRECIPITATION; YIELDS.
 

081281

Hiernaux, P.; Leeuw, P.N. de; Diarra, L. 1994. Modelling tillering of annual grasses as a function of plant density: Application to Sahelian rangelands productivity and dynamics. Agricultural Systems (UK), v. 46(2): p. 121-139.

Plant density and tiller cunts were done in several Sahelian rangelands in Mali, under a variety of soil, rainfall and grazing situations. Numeric models were developed to explain the dynamic relationship between grass tillering and herb density. Tests of application of these models to the plant and tillering density data justify the selection of the Maxima function model. Discussion of the results leads to an ecological interpretation of the parameters of the model which relate the dynamics of tillering to the concepts of ecological niche and inter-plant competition for resources. The application of the model helps in assessing the role of grass tillering in the structure and productivity of Sahelian rangelands and in their response to drought and pastoral management changes.

Descriptors: MALI; SAHEL; RANGELANDS; PLANT POPULATION; GRASSES; TILLERING; PRODUCTIVITY; MODELS; POPULATION CHANGE.

 
081726

Stiles, D. 1993. Nomads on notice. Natural History (USA), v. 102(9): p. 50-57.

Descriptors: KENYA; NOMADISM; CAMELS; CATTLE; GOATS; SHEEP; SURVIVAL; TRANSHUMANCE; ARID ZONES; DESERTS; DROUGHT; AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR.
 

081953

Haan, C. de; Gilles, J.L. 1994. An overview of the World Bank's involvement in pastoral development. Recent trends in World Bank pastoral development projects: A review of 13 bank projects in light of the `New Pastoral Ecology'. ODI Pastoral Development Network Paper (UK), no. 36b: 30p. Overseas Development Inst., London (UK). Pastoral Development Network.

Descriptors: IBRD; PASTORAL SYSTEM; DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS; PASTORALISM; ECOLOGY; RANCHING; DROUGHT; TENURE; LAND REFORM; DESERTIFICATION; GRAZING; RANGELANDS.
 

082063

Menwyelet Atsedu; Coppock, D.L.; Detling, J.K. 1994. Fruit production of Acacia tortilis and A. nilotica in semi-arid Ethiopia. Agroforestry Systems (The Netherlands), v. 27(1): p. 23-30.

Dry, dehiscent fruits of Acacia tortilis provide important fodder for pastoral livestock in dry seasons on the central Borana Plateau, fruits of A. nilotica may also be useful during drought. Information was needed on fruit yield to assess what these species could contribute to improved calf feeding systems based on local resources. Fruit production of 10 mature trees per species was measured at five sites for seven months during 1988-9(n=50 per species). Fruit yields varied according to site, season and species x site (each at P0.001), but there was no main effect of species (P0.05 in all cases). Yields ranged from 0 to 40 kg DM per tree overall, with an average of 5.3 kg DM per tree (or 65 g DM/m2 of canopy area). This average tree had a DBH of 26 cm and a canopy area of 81 m2. Low and highly variable fruit yields appear to constrain enhanced use of these species here.These species warrant further attention in research and development, however, given their strategic value as forage resources in pastoral systems and their ability to persist in variable environments.

Descriptors: ETHIOPIA; SEMIARID ZONES; FRUITS; FEEDS; ACACIA TORTILIS; ACACIA NILOTICA; PLANT PRODUCTION; PASTORALISTS.

 
084687

Scoones, L. (ed.) 1995. Living with uncertainty: New direction in pastoral development in Africa. International Institute for Environment and Development, London (UK). London (UK): International Technology Publication Ldt. 210p. Workshop on New Directions in Pastoral Development in Africa, [no city] , Jun1993.

Living with uncertainty build on the foundations provided by a recent rethinking of range ecology. It represents the second phase of a research project. This book, drawing on ecological work carried out in Africa over recent years, provides firm support for the contention that many dryland pastoral livestock and land management strategies can be interpreted as being a direct response to this. The book discusses the new directions in pastoral development in Africa, climate variability and complex ecosystem dynamics: implications for pastoral development, new directions in range management planning in Africa. It also examines forage alternatives from range and field, livestock marketing in pastoral Africa: tracking through draught. Following this, new directions in rangeland and resource tenure and policy, pastoral organisations for certain environments, dynamic ecological systems and the administration of pastoral development are reviewed.

Descriptors: AFRICA; PASTORALISM; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; CLIMATIC CHANGE; ECOSYSTEMS; PLANNING; MANAGEMENT; FEED CROPS; PASTURE IMPROVEMENT; MARKETING; LIVESTOCK; POLICIES; DROUGHT; RANGE LANDS; TENURE.
 

084938

Riely, F.Z. 1991. Implications of household behavior for famine early warning: a case study of the Kababish pastoralists in northern Kordofan, the Sudan. An Andre Mayer Research Fellowship Study. [no publisher but document available in ILCA Library]. 91p.

Descriptors: SUDAN; FAMINE; DROUGHT; HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION; CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR; LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT; PASTORALISM; INFORMATION SYSTEMS; ETHNIC GROUPS.
 

085275

Coppock, D.L. 1994. The Borana plateau of southern Ethiopia: Synthesis of pastoral research, development and change, 1980-91. ILCA Systems Study, no. 5: 393p. ILCA, Addis Ababa (Ethiopia). Addis Ababa (Ethiopia): ILCA.

This document is divided in eight chapters. The first chapter reviews rangelands and rangeland development in Ethiopia. The second chapter is an introduction to the Borana Plateau with ref. to natural resources and pastoral society. It reviews secondary information on geology and sociology, as well as original information on climate, soils, wildlife, plant ecology and water resources for the central Borana Plateau. Chapter three deals with vegetation dynamics and resource use. It reviews ecological site classification and mapping of the central Borana Plateau and aspects of environmental change induced by pastoral land use. The fourth chapter reviews aspects of Borana household composition and economy as they pertain to average rainfall years during the 1980s. Related topics include labour allocation, livestock marketing, milk processing, dairy marketing and cultivation. Chapter five highlights work from experimental trials and producer surveys concerning livestock management and productivity in the Borana system. Chapter six reviews the impacts of the 1983-84 drought on the Borana production system and outlines key tactics that households used in response to drought. Development intervention concepts is the topic of chapter 7. The last chapter summarises key ideas from previous chapters into a concise development strategy for the southern rangelands.

Descriptors: ETHIOPIA; BORANA ETHNIC GROUP; PASTORALISM; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; SOCIAL CHANGE; NATURAL RESOURCES; HOUSEHOLDS; MARKETING; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; LIVESTOCK NUMBERS; DROUGHT.
 

087232

Dijk, H. van; Bruijn, M. de 1995. Pastoralists, chiefs and bureaucrats: A grazing scheme in dryland Central Mali. In: Breemer, J.P.M. van den (ed.), Drijver, C.A. (ed.), Venema, L.B. (ed.) Local resource management in Africa, p. 77-95. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons.

Land tenure is an important issue in relation the organizational setting of pastoral development projects. Changing traditional range management practices and the regulation of grazing pressure imply that control over land is taken out of the hands of the pastoralists and transferred to the organization responsible for the new form of pasture management. This chapter examines how the transfer of power leads to changes in tenure, and illustrates how power is exercised in order to ensure that the version of tenure of the various interest groups involved is put into practice. This is illustrated with reference to a failed pastoral development project: a range management scheme in Central Mali, organized in a dryland area in the Niger bend, and which was implemented after the Sahelian drought of the 1970s. The scheme drew on indigenous knowledge of the chief of the local tribe and utilized the local political hierarchy to organize the scheme and make it work. It is concluded that although the majority of the herdsmen were losers in the scheme, most of its goals were met. Pastures were managed, access to the scheme was regulated, overgrazing stopped. However, the Fulbe Tribe as a group have lost power over their pastures, to the benefit of the few. A considerable part of their rainy season pastures have been enclosed, most of them for the whole year. It is recommended that some sort of pastoral tenure code be developed in order to protect local herders from these types of interventions in the future.

Descriptors: MALI; PASTORALISM; INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE; RANGE MANAGEMENT; TENURE SYSTEMS; MANAGEMENT.

 
087483

Oxby, C. 1994. Restocking. A guide: Herd reconstitution for African livestock keepers as part of a strategy for disaster rehabilitation. Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Scotland (UK). Scotland (UK): Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine. 67p.

This book has been written in response to the growing interest in restocking with livestock following draught of 1991-92 in eastern and southern Africa. In part 1: Restocking arguments for and against availability of grazing and environmental concerns, establishing the number of stock needed, animal health etc. are reviewed. The 2nd part of the document examines panningsetting up and evaluating a restocking project. In this part topics such as setting the project in the context of disaster rehabilitation, identification of the target group and its needs, data collection for project planning, selection of project participants, buying, holding and treating livestock, arranging the loan, distribution of livestock and extras, monitoring, loan repayments and evaluation are analyzed.

Descriptors: GRAZING; ANIMAL HEALTH; LIVESTOCK; MONITORING; LOANS; EVALUATION; DATA COLLECTION.
 

091294

Scoones, I. 1995. Living with uncertainity: New directions in pastoral development in Africa. London (UK): International Institute for Environment and Development. 210p.

Descriptors: AFRICA; PASTORALISM; FEEDS; LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS; DRYLANDS; GRAZING LANDS; GRAZING SYSTEMS.

 
091470

Perrings, C. 1993. Pastoral strategies in sub-Saharan Africa: The economic and ecological sustainability of dryland range management. World Bank – Environment Department Working Paper (USA), no. 57: 72p. IBRD, Washington, D.C. (USA). Environment Dept.. Washington, D.C. (USA): IBRD.

This paper reconsiders the economics of rangeland degradation in dryland economies in the light of the recent studies. Four, sets of questions are posed. First, the paper asks what characterizes traditional range management strategies, and in what sense such strategies may be said to be opportunistic. Second, the paper poses what the ecological impacts of the choice of management strategy might be by identifying the level and variance of optimal grazing pressure under each strategy. Third, to put the opportunism of traditional range management strategies in some perspective, it considers the sensitivity of grazing pressure to change in the main elements of the economic environment: prices, incomes, and endowments.Fourth, it asks what implications this might have for environmental policy.

Descriptors: PASTORALISM; GRASSLAND MANAGEMENT; ECOLOGY; POLICIES; PRICES; INCOME; RESTOCKING.
 

092255

Zupi, M. 1995. Difficolta dello sviluppo agricolo nei paesi piu depressi: il caso del Sahel. (The difficulty of agricultural development in the most depressed countries: The case of the Sahel). Rivista di Politica Agraria, Rassegna della Agricoltura Italiana, v. 13(6): p. 43-48.

The significance of rural poverty in Africa is discussed. A vicious circle of poverty in agriculture in the Sahel (Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Chad, Gambia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger and Senegal) is described. It is argued that problems of environmental degradation (soil erosion and desertification) following some 20 years of drought have been exacerbated by agricultural mismanagement, such that agricultural and pastoral worlds can no longer co-exist. The impoverished economies have concentrated their scant resources on urban areas whilst rural development has been neglected, and there has been a population drift from rural to urban areas where the environment and living standards have become further eroded. The importance of agro-pastoralism in the future and development of the Sahel region, and its role in alleviating poverty and food insecurity, are discussed.

Descriptors: AFRICA; SAHEL; PASTORALISM; SUSTAINABILITY; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; RURAL URBAN MIGRATION; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; FOOD SUPPLY; FOOD PRODUCTION; FOOD SECURITY; POVERTY; ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION; RESOURCE MANAGEMENT.
 

092449

Stenning, D.J. 1994. Savannah nomads: A study of the Wodaabe pastoral fulani of western Bornu province northern region, Nigeria. Hamburg (Germany): IAI. 266p.

Descriptors: NIGERIA; NOMADS; SAVANNAS; PASTORAL SOCIETY; FORESTS; POLITICS; FAMINE; RINDERPEST; FAMILIES; HERDS.

 
093474

Campbell, D.A.; Ikuegbu, O.A.; Owen, E.; Little, D.A. 1996. Responses to supplementation in White Fulani cattle under agro-pastoral management in northern Nigeria. II. Fodder. Tropical Animal Health and Production, v. 28(3): p. 230-236.

The effect of dry-season supplementation of White Fulani cattle in northern Nigeria with legume standing hay (fodderbanks) was investigated. Over 430 cattle were recorded in 8 herds over 2-5 years. Fodder bank supplementation may have reduced weight losses in calves and breeding females during the dry-season. Emergency sales of immature animals were lower on fodder banks (6.5 percent vs 14.3 percent, P0.01). There was no evidence that fodder banks may have had a deleterious effect by encouraging dry-season. Fodder banks mayhave had a deleterious effect by encouraging dry-season conceptions. Resulting dry season calvings led to calving percentages of 36.9 percent on odder and 60.3 percent on no fodder (P0.05). Calf mortality was also higher on fodder banks; animals not reaching their second year were 13 percent on fodder bank vs 3.9 percent on no fodder (P0.01). It was concluded that dry season nutrition interaction with the agro-pastoralist livestock system needs further investigation.

Descriptors: NIGERIA; CATTLE; SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING; AGROPASTORAL SYSTEMS; BIRTH WEIGHT; GROWTH RATE; PARTURITION.

 
093616

Manger, L.; Ati, H.A. el; Harir, S.; Krzywinski, K.; Vetaas, O.R. 1996. Survival on meagre resources: Hadendowa pastoralism in the Red Sea Hills. Nordiska Afrikainstritutet, Uppsala (Sweden). Uppsala (Sweden): Nordiska Africainstitutet. 244p.

Presents study carried out on Hadendowa Beja pastoralism in Sinkat province, eastern Sudan, with particular reference to the effects of the drought in the 1980s and shows the strategies for survival and for pastoral rehabilitation, the effects of drought and of human activities on the natural environment, how pastoral migration patterns were affected and how links to commodity and labor markets aggravated the effects of drought, the socio-cultural changes are dealt with as well, the planning problems in the area, the recurrent pastoral disasters cannot be blamed on the pastoralists and their activities, but must be related to wider economic and political contexts, in which the pastoral groups are becoming increasingly marginalized.

Descriptors: SUDAN; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS; PASTORALISM; VEGETATION; CULTURAL ASPECTS; ETHNICITY.

 
094386

Roth, E.A. 1996. Traditional pastoral strategies in a modern world: an example from Northern Kenya. Human Organization, v. 55(2): p. 219-224.

An analysis is presented of household herd data for Rendille pastoralists of northern Kenya to evaluate the effectiveness of herd maximizing behaviour and consider its socio-ecological concomitants. Results indicate that maximizing remains an effective buffering strategy for pastoral communities during periods of drought. However, in the present situation it combines decreased herd mobility, increased commercial exchange and herd diversification to place additional stress on the modern, sedentary pastoral economy. Despite this, maximizing behaviour may aid the future viability of East African pastoralism by providing a reservoir of highly adapted, surplus animals for restocking programmes.

Descriptors: KENYA; PASTORALISM; FARMING SYSTEMS; LIVESTOCK NUMBERS; DROUGHT.

 
095229

Turton, D. 1995. Pastoral livelihoods in danger: cattle disease, drought, and wildlife conservation in Mursiland, South-Western Ethiopia. Oxford (UK): Oxfam Publications Department. 50p.

The report is the result of a field study carried out in northern Mursiland, Ethiopia in September 1994. The principle objective of which was to focus on the problem of cattle disease and to examine the scope for improving the access of Mursi pastoralists to veterinary services especially through the training of paravets. The views of the local herders on how the pastoral economy could be strengthened, without external intervention are presented. A secondary focus is the threat posed to pastoralists by government plans to encourage tourism in the Omo and Mago National Parks and to construct dams on he Omo for electricity generation. The report is divided into four parts. Part 1 is an outline description of Mursi economy and society. Part 2 is an account of herd structure and dynamics, based upon a single settlement of three herd owners. Part 3 focuses on the two major current constraints on Mursi pastoral production, disease and drought and on the potential threat posed by National Parks to best dry-season grazing areas. The final part considers how these constraints might be reduced by means of veterinary assistance and water development and by putting pressure on the wildlife authorities to change their existing approach to human activity in and around the National Parks.

Descriptors: ETHIOPIA; VETERINARY SERVICES; WATER SUPPLY; CONSTRAINTS; PASTORAL SOCIETY; PASTORALISM; CATTLE DISEASES; DROUGHT; NATIONAL PARKS; ECONOMIC IMPACT.
 

095982

Manger, L.; Abdel Ati, H.; Harir, S.; Krzywinski, K.; Vetaas, O.R. 1996. Survival on meagre resources: Hadendowa pastoralism in the Red Sea Hills. Uppsala, Sweden: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. 244p.

This book presents a comprehensive study of Hadendowa Beja pastoralism in Sinkat Province, Eastern Sudan. It discusses the effects of the drought in the 1980s and shows the strategies for survival and for pastoral rehabilitation. Various chapters deal with: vegetation dynamics; the effects of drought and of human activities on the natural environment; and how pastoral migration patterns were affected and how links to commodity and labour markets aggravated the effects of drought. Socio-cultural changes are dealt with as well, following increased interaction between regional populations. The final chapter discusses planning problems in the region and argues that in areas such as the Red Sea Hills, the recurrent pastoral disasters cannot be blamed only on the pastoralists and their activities, but must be related to wider economic and political contexts, in which the pastoral groups are becoming increasingly marginalized. The book is based on material from the Red Sea Area Programme, a joint research venture between the universities of Khartoum and Bergen.

Descriptors: SUDAN; ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION; NOMADISM; PASTORAL SOCIETY; DEVELOPMENT PLANNING; PASTORALISM; DROUGHT; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; SOCIAL IMPACT.

 
096381

Leach, M. (ed.); Mearns, R. (ed.) 1996. The lie of the land: Challenging received wisdom on the African environment. Oxford (UK): James Currey Ltd. Xvi + 240p.

A collection of eleven papers is presented which challenges orthodoxies concerning environmental change in Africa and illustrate challenges to received wisdom across a range of major concerns in contemporary environmental and development debates. Specifically the papers cover: environmental change and policy; range management; erosion, animals and pasture over the longer term; desertification; wildlife, pastoralists and science; rethinking the forest-savanna mosaic; dryland forestry; soil erosion; irrigation, erosion and famine; land and capital; and the cultural construction of environmental policy.

Descriptors: AFRICA; FORESTRY; WILDLIFE; RANGE MANAGEMENT; EROSION; PASTORALISM; DESERTIFICATION; IRRIGATION; LAND USE; CULTURAL VALUES; ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION; ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY; RESOURCE MANAGEMENT.

 
096401

Juul, K. 1996. Post drought migration and technological innovations among Fulani herders in Senegal: The triumph of the tube. IIED Dryland Programme Issue Paper, no. 64: iii + 28p.

The innovation associated with changes in the herding system of Fulani herders along the Senegal River in northern Senegal is described. Changes in the herding system came about as a result of the establishment of irrigated rice fields. The most important single factor in this process is the invention of a new system for carrying water over long distances: the use of huge tractor-type inner tubes from machinery employed when laying-out rice fields. When laid on horse or donkey carts, these tubes can transport large quantities of water, and have made a contribution to the prosperity of many Senegalese herders. The discussion examines: agricultural encroachment and improvement of production opportunities; changing practices resulting from the drought; Egge-egge herders in the Linguere-Matam area; uneven herd distribution; new production strategies; changing herd strategies; the inner tube and the donkey cart; increased mobility and the new grazing techniques; competition for resources and conflicts over access; and adaption to new opportunities.

Descriptors: SENEGAL; PASTORAL SOCIETY; RESOURCE MANAGEMENT; PASTORALISM; DROUGHT; INNOVATION ADOPTION.

 
096730

Morrison, B.J.; Gold, M.A.; Lantagne, D.O. 1996. Incorporating indigenous knowledge of fodder trees into small-scale silvopastoral systems in Jamaica. Agroforestry Systems, v. 34(1): p. 101-117.

A study was conducted to identify and explore indigenous knowledge relating to fodder trees and silvopastoral management systems of small-scale farmers in seasonally dry areas of Jamaica. The objectives of the study were to: (1) explore farmers' indigenous knowledge relating to fodder trees and silvopastoral management systems in a subtropical dry climate; (2) examine pastoral land-use systems and technologies in current use; and (3) seek to integrate this information into silvopastoral tree fodder systems. Data were gathered via observation and semistructured interviewing. A snowball sampling strategy was used to purposively select all small-scale farmers who had cattle in the Green Park valley for interview. Of 40 farmers interviewed, 37 ales (92.5 percent ) and 3 females (7.5 percent ) were primary caretakers of cattle. Twenty-seven of 40 farmers (68 percent ) raised cattle to generate income. During extended droughts farmers were forced to look for alternatives to desiccated, overgrazed pasture grasses, including (1) local travel to harvest sugar cane tops and to cut Guinea grass (Panicum maximum), (2) purchase of bag feed, and (3) harvest and use of tree fodder. Preferred fodder trees were identified as bacedar (Guazuma ulmifolia), guango (Albizia saman), breadnut (Brosimum alicastrum) and quickstick (Gliricidia sepium). Recommended silvopastoral management systems include fodder hedgerows, 3-strata forage systems, and live fences. In addition, production of indigenous fodder tree species, introducing improved tree fodder species, and planting improved pasture grasses concurrent with cash trees is suggested.

Descriptors: JAMAICA; AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS; FEED CROPS; MULTIPURPOSE TREES; MANAGEMENT; SUBTROPICS; LAND USE; PASTORALISM; FARMERS; PASTURES; DROUGHT; OVERGRAZING; PANICUM MAXIMUM; GUAZUMA ULMIFOLIA; ALBIZIA SAMAN; BROSIMUM ALICASTRUM; GLIRICIDIA SEPIUM; ALLEY CROPPING; LIVE FENCES; MULTISTOREY CROPPING; AGROFORESTRY.

 
102992

Scholte, P.; Kari, S.; Moritz, M. 1996. The involvement of nomadic and transhumant pastoralists in the rehabilitation and management of the Logone flood plain, North Cameroon. IIED Drylands Programme, no. 66: 21p. IIED, London (UK). Drylands Programme. London (UK): IIED.

Descriptors: CAMEROON; PASTORALISTS; NOMADISM; TRANSHUMANCE; DEGRADATION; FLOOD PLAINS.
 

103569

Bouttier, N. 1996. Une terre du Cameroun si convoitee. (Such a coveted land area of Cameroon). Grain de Sel, no. 4: p. 15-16.

A study is made of conflict over land in the Wum region of North-West Cameroon. In the 1950s the Aku, a pastoral tribe from nearby Nigeria, brought their herd to the region. The local Bororo tribe, who mainly grew crops, agreed that the Aku cattle could graze on uncultivated land. Over time the region was adversely affected by drought, population increase and vergrazing, and by the 1970s a conflict had arisen between the tribes. The regional government formed a commission to try to resolve the problems, and attempts were made to separate farmland from pasture. However, the conflict persists: farmers cannot afford proper fencing for their crops, which are then trampled by cattle; there is jealousy because livestock have become more profitable than crops; and there are accusations of bribery and corruption among officials.

Descriptors: CAMEROON; ARABLE FARMING; LIVESTOCK FARMING; LAND RESOURCES; ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION; LAND USE; ETHNIC GROUPS; CONFLICT.

 
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