ANDEAN ARCHAEOLOGY
Fall 2001
Figure 1:
Machu Picchu
Updates
Recent Books, Classics, Reference Materials, And Bibliographies
Recent Ethnographies, Ethnohistories
Selected Journals And Periodicals That Cover Andean Archaeology
Internet Resources on Andean Archaeology
The Northeast Conference on Andean and Amazonian Archaeology and Ethnohistory (University of Western Ontario and Brescia College, London, Ontario, Canada, Nov 3-4, 2001)
Figure 3: The
Gateway of the Sun, Tiwanaku
OFFICE: Room 435-436, University Museum
OFFICE HOURS: Fridays 2:00-4:00pm; I will be available during office hours and after class if you have any questions regarding the course material, the department's program in anthropology, or archaeology in general. You can also see me after class and by appointment if office hours conflict with your schedule. Messages can be left in my mailbox in Department of Anthropology or contact me by email.
E-MAIL: cerickso@sas.upenn.edu
I regularly use email to communicate with students in my courses. I encourage you to contact me by email if you have questions or need further information regarding the course assignments or readings.
CLASS LECTURES: Mondays 2:00 - 5:00 pm, Room 329, University Museum.
REQUIRED TEXTBOOKS: The two books are available for purchase at A House of Our Own Bookstore, 3920 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, tel.(215) 222-1576.
Moseley, Michael E.
2001 The Incas and their Ancestors: The
Archaeology of Peru. Thames and
Hudson, London. Revised Edition (paperback)
Burger, Richard
1992 Chavin and the Origins of Andean Civilization. Thames and Hudson, New York (paperback)
BULK PACK OF REQUIRED READINGS: Anthropology 433: Andean Archaeology available for purchase at the Copy Center, basement of the Towne Building (Engineering) 220 South 33rd Street, open 10-12:00am; 2-5pm (cash only). Originals of all of these readings can be found in the books and journals of the Museum Library.
2001 Anthropology 433 Andean Archaeology Bulk Pack Reader. Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania.
National Geographic Society Map(s) [obtain at least one (1) of the following from family or relative's collection of NG; other detailed atlas maps may be used if these are not available].
1972 Map "South America" National Geographic 142(4) Oct.
1982 May "Indians/Archaeology of South America" National Geographic 161(3) March.
1992 Map "South America" National Geographic 182(2) August.
This
course provides a basic survey of the prehistory of civilizations in the
Central Andean Region of South America (the highland and coastal areas that
today are part of Peru and Bolivia).
Emphasis will be placed on the following cultures and periods: the
Preceramic, Chavin, Paracas, Pukara, Moche, Nazca, Wari, Tiwanaku, Chimu, and
Inca. Topics include the history of South American archaeology, peopling of the
continent, origins and evolution of agriculture, early village life, ceremonial
and domestic architecture, prehistoric art and symbolism, Andean cosmology and
astronomy, indigenous technology, the historical ecology of landscapes, outside
contacts and relationships, economics and trade, social and political
structure, state formation and urbanism, and early contacts with Europeans. The
focus will be on the recent archaeological investigations and interpretations
combined with appropriate analogy from ethnohistory and ethnography. The
prehistory of the Amazonian lowlands and "the intermediate area" of
northern South America will not be presented in this course (These topics are
covered in Anthropology 224: Archaeology of the Neotropics).
Classes will consist of lectures, with occasional discussion sections. Slides will be used to illustrate concepts and sites presented in lecture and several films and/or videos will also be shown as supplementary material. I will also make use of artifacts from the extensive South American collections of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Grading is based on 2 exams and class participation in discussions of readings.
Because this is a 400‑level course for undergraduates and graduate students, a basic understanding of anthropological concepts and terms, especially those of socio‑cultural anthropology and archaeology, is required. All readings will be in English and knowledge of Spanish is not necessary (although reading ability in Spanish may be useful for outside readings).
There are many reading assignments for this course. The required textbooks are Moseley, Burger, and a "bulk pack reader." The bulk pack reader has been assembled for this course that includes a number of important articles on Andean Archaeology (available for purchase at the Copy Center, Towne Building [Engineering], 220 South 33rd Street). Weekly reading assignments will come from the texts and the bulk pack reader. At times during the semester, new materials may be added to the readings (downloadable from the course web site or placed on Library Reserve). A reading syllabus will be provided and may be periodically updated throughout the semester.
GRADING:
Grades
will be based on 2 exams (a 2 hour midterm and a 2 hour final) of equal weight and
participation in discussion of the readings. The student will be responsible
for material presented in the lecture, readings, slide presentations, tours of
the collections, and films/videos.
The
exams will be primarily long and short essay questions, with some brief
identifications and definitions and map identifications. The final exam will not be cumulative, that
is, it will only cover material presented after the midterm exam, although you
will have to be familiar with the concepts and terminology presented earlier in
the semester. There will be an in‑class
short review/questions session before each exam if necessary. Please note that the Midterm Exam is on Monday, November 1 (in class; 2:00-5:00
pm) and the Final Exam is on Friday,
December 14, 2001 (8:30-10:30am in room 329 Museum).
Class attendance is highly recommended since the course only meets once
weekly. Makeup exams will only be given
in extreme cases.
I will be available during office hours, Fridays 2:00 - 4:00pm, if you have any questions regarding the course material, or archaeology in general. I also would appreciate your comments, and will be happy to make appointments for other times if my office hours conflict with your schedule. I regularly read and answer E-mail.
ANTHROPOLOGY
433
ANDEAN ARCHAEOLOGY
Fall
2001
Dr.
Clark L. Erickson
COURSE
SYLLABUS
September 10: Introduction
to Course
September 17: Cultural
and Physical Geography; Chronology; Short History of South American
Archaeology; The Concept of "Andean;" The Roots of Prehispanic Andean
Society.
Moseley
Text: Chapt 1-3: pp. 7-86
Burger
Text: Chapt. 1
Bennett
in Reader
Isbell
"Construction" in Reader
Pozorski
and Pozorski "Chronology" in Reader
Murra
"Limits and Limitations" in Reader
September 24: Peopling
of the Continent. Pleistocene and Post‑Pleistocene
Lifeways.
Moseley
Text: Chapter 4: pp. 87-106
Dillehay
"Battle" in Reader
Meltzer and Dillehay “Search” in
Reader
Marshall
in Reader
Sandweiss
in Reader
October 1: Highland
and Lowland Subsistence in the Preceramic; Domestication of Plants and Animals,
Agricultural Systems.
Moseley
Text: pp. 107-117
Dillehay et al. "Nanchoc" in Reader
Quilter
et al. in Reader
Hastorf
and Johannessen in Reader
Furst
“Coca and Cocaine” in Reader
Burger Text: Chapt. 2
October 8: Initial
Period U‑Shaped Temples and the Rise of Complex Society; Real Alto and
Valdivia Culture, Andean Highland and Tropical Forest Interaction.
Moseley
Text: pp. 117-154
Lathrap
et al. "Real Alto" in Reader
Pringle:
“First Urban Center” in Reader
Shady
et al. “Dating Caral” in Reader
Pozorski
and Pozorski "Early Andean Cities" in Reader
Burger Text: Chapt 3-4
October 15: Chavin and the
Early Horizon; Andean State Formation.
Moseley
Text: pp. 163-171
Lathrap
"Gifts" in Reader
Burger Text: Chapt. 5,
6, 7, 8
October 22: Paracas,
Nazca and Moche Cultures of the Early Intermediate Period
Moseley
Text: pp. 160-162, 173-207
Aveni
and Silverman "Between the Lines" in Reader
Aveni
"Archaeoastronomy" in Reader pp. 326-328
Alva and Donnan (handout
reading)
Moseley and Richardson
in Reader
October
29: MIDTERM EXAM
November 5: Pachacamac,
the Ceremonial Center, and Andean Pilgrimage; Film "In the Footsteps of
Taytacha."
Burger
Text: pp. 106-197,
Moseley
Text pp. 159, 184-5, 246
November 12: Early
Cultures of the Lake Titicaca Basin and Cuzco, Evolution of Farming Systems
Moseley
Text: pp. 154-160; 276-278
Kolata
"Technology" in Reader
Erickson “Social
Organization” in Reader
November 19: The
Expansionist Empires: Tiwanaku and Wari.
Moseley
Text: 208-243
Isbell
"City and State" in Reader
Kolata
and Ponce "Tiwanaku" in Reader
Kolata
"Technology and Organization" in Reader (skim)
Erickson
"Social Organization" in Reader (skim)
November 26: The
Late Intermediate Period: The Chimú, Aymara and North Coast Kingdoms; The Roots
of the Inca Empire.
Moseley
Text: pp. 245-275
Conrad
"Cultural Materialism" and "Reply" in Reader
Isbell
"Comment" in Reader
Paulsen
"Comment" in Reader
Browman
"Tectonic" in Reader
December 3: The
Inca Empire.
Moseley
Text: pp. 51-85
Murra
"Limits" in Reader (skim)
Hastorf
and Johannessen "Prehispanic Political Change" in Reader
Wachtel
in Reader
Aveni
"Astroarchaeology" in Reader
McEwen
and Van de Guchte in Reader
Patterson
in Reader
December
10: The Inca Empire (continued).
December 14: FINAL
EXAM [Friday, December 14, 2001; 8:30-10:30am in Room 329 University
Museum]
Please Note:
·
This is a tentative
schedule that is subject to change.
· There is a possibility that visiting Andean scholars will give on‑campus lectures by during the semester. Student attendance will be optional (but expected) at these events.
Anthropology
433
ANDEAN ARCHAEOLOGY
Fall
2001
Dr.
Clark L. Erickson
Table of
Contents of Reader
Bennett, Wendell C.
1948 The
Peruvian Co‑Tradition. In A
Reappraisal of Peruvian Archaeology edited by W. C. Bennett, Memoirs of the Society for American
Archaeology, Menasha, pp. 1‑7.
Pozorski, Shelia and Thomas Pozorski
1987 Chronology. In The Origins and Development of the
Andean State, edited by J. Haas, S.
Pozorski and T. Pozorski, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, pp. 5‑8.
Murra, John V.
1986 The
Limits and Limitations of the "Vertical Archipelago" in the
Andes. Andean Ecology and
Civilization edited by S. Masuda,
I. Shimada, and C. Morris, University
of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, pp. 15‑20.
Isbell, William
1995 Constructing
the Andean Past or "As You Like It".
Journal of the Steward Anthropological Society. 23(1-2):1-12.
Dillehay, Thomas
1997 The Battle of Monte Verde. The Sciences. January-February, pp. 28-33.
Dillehay, Thomas and David Meltzer
1998 Search for the Earliest Americans. Archaeology 52(1):60-61.
Marshall, Eliot
1991 Clovis
Counterrevolution. Science
249:738-741.
Sandweiss, Daniel et al.
1997 The First Americans and the Sea. Discovering
Archaeology. Jan-Feb. pp. 59-65.
Dillehay, Tom, Jack Rossen, and
Patricia Netherly
1997 The
Nanchoc Tradition: The Beginnings of Andean Civilization. American Scientist. 85:46-55.
Quilter, Jefrey, Bernardino Ojeda,
Deborah Pearsall, Daniel Sandweiss, John Jones, and Elizabeth Wing
1991 Subsistence
Economy of El Paraíso, an Early Peruvian Site.
Science 251:277-283.
Hastorf, Christine and Sissel
Johannessen
1993
Pre-Hispanic
Political Change and the Role of Maize in the Central Andes of Peru. American Anthropologist 95(1):115-138.
Furst, Peter
1990 Coca
and Cocaine. Introduction 1990. IN Flesh of the Gods: The Ritual Use of
Hallucinogens. Edited by Peter Furst, Waveland Press, Prospect Heights,
Illinois, pp. xiv-xviii.
Lathrap, Donald W., Jorge G. Marcos,
and James A. Zeidler
1977 Real
Alto: An Ancient Ceremonial Center. Archaeology
30(1):2‑13.
Pringle, Heather
2001 The First Urban Center in the Americas. Science.
292:621-622..
Shady Solis, Ruth, Jonathan Haas,
and Winifred Creamer
2001 Dating Caral: A Preceramic Site in the Supe
Valley on the Central Coast of Peru. Science. 292:723-726.
Pozorski, Shelia and Thomas Pozorski
1994 Early Andean Cities. Scientific American 270(6):66-72.
Lathrap, Donald W.
1973 Gifts
of the Cayman: Some Thoughts on the Subsistence Basis of Chavin. In Variation in Anthropology, edited by D. W. Lathrap and J. Douglas, Illinois Archaeological Survey, Urbana, pp. 91‑105.
Aveni, Anthony F. and Helaine
Silverman
1991 Between
the Lines: Reading the Nazca Markings as Rituals Writ Large. The Sciences. July/August.
Alva, Walter and Christopher Donnan
[accidentally left out of the reader]
1993 A Greater Understanding of Moche
Civilization. IN Royal Tombs of Sipán. Fowler Museum of Cultural
History, Berkeley, pp. 219-227.
Moseley, Michael and James
Richardson
1992 Doomed by Natural Disaster. Archaeology 45:44-45.
Kolata, Alan L. and Carlos Ponce
Sangines
1992 Tiwanaku:
The City at the Center. IN Ancient Americas: Art from Sacred Landscapes. Edited by Richard Townsend, Art Institute of
Chicago, Chicago.
Kolata,
Alan L.
1991 The
Technology and Organization of Agricultural Production in the Tiwanaku
State. Latin American Antiquity 2(2):99-125.
Erickson, Clark L.
1993 The
Social Organization of Prehispanic Raised Field Agriculture in the Lake
Titicaca Basin. IN Economic Aspects of Water Management in the Prehispanic
New World. edited by Vernon J.
Scarborough and Barry Isaac, Research in Economic Anthropology Supplement 7,
JAI Press, Greenwich.
Isbell, William H.
1988 City
and State in Middle Horizon Huari. In Peruvian Prehistory edited by
Richard W. Keatinge, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, pp. 164-189.
Conrad, Geoffry W.
1983 Cultural
Materialism, Split Inheritance, and the Expansion of Ancient Peruvian
Empires. American Antiquity
46(1):1‑42.
Isbell, William H.
1983 Comment
on Conrad. American Antiquity
46(1):27‑30.
Paulsen, Allison
1983 The
Archaeology of the Absurd: Comments on "Cultural Materialism, Split
Inheritance, and the Expansion of Ancient Peruvian Empires. American Antiquity 46(1):31‑37.
Conrad, Geoffry W.
1983 Reply
to Paulsen and Isbell. American
Antiquity 46(1):38‑ 42.
Browman, David L.
1983 Tectonic
Movement and Agrarian Collapse in Prehispanic Peru. Nature 302:568‑569.
Wachtel, Nathan
1977 The
Structure of the Inca State. In The
Vision of the Vanquished: The Spanish
Conquest of Peru through Native Eyes, 1530‑1570. Barnes and Noble, New York, pp. 61‑84.
Aveni, Anthony F.
1980 Astroarchaeology
of North and South America. In Skywatchers
of Ancient Mexico, University of Texas Press, Austin, pp. 294‑ 311.
McEwen,
Colin and Maarten Van de Guchte
1992 Ancestral
Time and Sacred Space in Inca State Ritual.
In The Ancient Americas: Art from Sacred Landscapes. Art Institute, Chicago, pp. 359-371.
Patterson, Thomas C.
1986 Ideology,
Class Formation, and Resistance in the Inca State. Critique of Anthropology 6(1):75‑85.
Masuda, Shozo, Izumi Shimada, and
Craig Morris eds.
1986 Glossary. In Andean Ecology and Civilization, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, pp. 533‑538.
Bruhns,
Karen
1994 Glossary
of Technical and Specialist Terms used in South American Archaeology. IN Ancient
South America. Cambridge University Press, pp. 385-400.
ANTHROPOLOGY
433
ANDEAN ARCHAEOLOGY
Fall
2001
Professor
Clark L. Erickson
RECENT
BOOKS, EDITED VOLUMES, CLASSICS, REFERENCE MATERIALS, AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES:
Aldenderfer, Mark S.
1998
Montane Foragers
: Asana and the south-central Andean Archaic. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City.
Albarracín-Jordan,
Juan
1996 Tiwanaku: Arqueología Regional y Dinámica Segmentaria. Plural, La Paz.
Alva, Walter and Christopher Donnan
1993 Royal
Tombs of Sipán. Fowler Museum of
Cultural History, Los Angeles.
Aveni, Anthony F.
2000 Between the lines : the mystery of the
giant ground drawings of ancient Nasca, Peru. University of Texas Press,
Austin.
Aveni, Anthony editor
1990 The
Nasca Lines. American Philosophical
Society, Philadelphia.
Bauer, Brian S.
1992 The
Development of the Inca State.
University of Texas Press, Austin.
Bauer, Brian S. and David S. P.
Dearborn
1995 Astronomy
and Empire in the Ancient Andes.
University of Texas Press, Austin.
Bauer, Brian S.
1998
The Sacred
Landscape of the Inca: The Cusco Ceque System. University of Texas Press, Austin.
Bauer, Brian S. and Charles Stanish.
2001 Ritual and pilgrimage in the ancient
Andes: the Islands of the Sun and the Moon. University of Texas Press,
Austin.
Bawden, Garth
1996 The Moche. Blackwell Publishers, Cambridge.
Boone, Elizabeth Hill ed.
1996 Andean art at Dumbarton. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Series: Pre-Columbian art at Dumbarton Oaks ; no. 1, Washington DC.
Bruhns, Karen
1994 Ancient
South America. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge.
Burger, Richard
1992 Chavin
and the Origins of Andean Civilization.
Thames and Hudson, New York.
D'Altroy, Terence
1992 Provincial
Power in the Inka Empire.
Smithsonian Institute, Washington D.C.
Denevan, William M.
2001 Cultivated Landscapes of Native Amazonia and the Andes. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Dillehay, Thomas D. ed.
1989 Monte
Verde: A Late Pleistocene Settlement in
Chile 1: Paleoenvironment and Site Context. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC.
Dillehay, Thomas D. ed.
1997 Monte Verde: A Late Pleistocene
Settlement in Chile. 2: The Archaeological Context. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington,
DC.
Dillehay, Thomas D.
2000 The settlement of the Americas: a new
prehistory. Basic Books, New York.
Donnan, Christopher ed.
1984 Early
Ceremonial Architecture in the Andes.
Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington D.C.
Donnan, Christopher
1978 Moche
Art of Peru: Pre‑Columbian
Symbolic Communication. Museum of
Cultural History, University of California, Los Angeles.
Dover, Robert V. H., Katharine E.
Seibold, and John H. McDowell editors
1992 Andean
Cosmologies through Time: Persistence and Emergence. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
Dransart, Penny ed.
1995 Andean art : visual expression and its relation to Andean beliefs and values. Aldershot ; Brookfield, Avebury.
Erickson, Clark L.
1996 Investigación Arqueológica del Sistema Agrícola de los
Camellones en la Cuenca del Lago Titicaca del Perú. PIWA, Centro de
Información para el Desarrollo, La Paz, Bolivia.
Gaspirini, G. and L. Margolies
1980 Inca
Architecture. Indiana University
Press, Bloomington.
Haas, Jonathan, Shelia Pozorski, and Thomas Pozorski eds.
1987 The
Origins and Development of the Andean State. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Hadingham, Evan
1987 Lines
to the Mountain Gods. Random House,
New York.
Hastorf, Christine A.
1993 Agriculture and the onset of Political
Inequality before the Inka.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Hastorf, C. A.(ed)
1999 Early Settlement in Chiripa, Bolivia: Research of the Taraco Archaeological Project, No. 57 Contributions Archaeological Research Facility Monograph Publications. University of California, Berkeley.
Hemming, John
1983 The Conquest of the Incas. Penguin
Books, Harmondsworth.
Hyslop, John
1990 Inka
Settlement Planning. University of
Texas Press, Austin.
Hyslop, John
1985 The
Inka Road System. Academic Press,
New York.
Isbell, William
1997 Mummies and Mortuary Monuments: A
Postprocessual Prehistory of Central Andean Social Organization. University of Texas Press, Austin.
Isbell, William and Gordon F. McEwan
editors