Apulo-Corinthian Helmets

(a work in progress - please submit comments, corrections and suggestions; photos are also always welcome)

This variation of the classic Greek "Corinthian"-type helmet was developed in Italy and designed to be worn as a cap. It has been described by various modern authors as "Italo-Corinthian," "Apulo-Corinthian," "Etrusco-Corinthian," "Pseudo-Corinthian," "Corinthian parade helmet," "[une] adaptation du casque corinthien," "Greek helmet of Miglionico Basilicata type" (a typical designation on the antiquities market), "Corinthian helmet... in a grievously distorted form," and even "perhaps the ugliest type of helmet created in antiquity."⁹ As Michael T. Burns notes in "The Homogenisation of Military Equipment Under the Roman Republic," a majority of the helmets of this type with known provenience come from Apulia and it appears to have originated there. I will therefore refer to it as "Apulo-Corinthian." This name has the added advantage that it is not in use to describe other classes of objects, as is the case with the terms "Italo-Corinthian" and "Etrusco-Corinthian" (ceramics) or "Pseudo-Corinthian" (architecture).
The only serious attempts at classification have been those of Angelo Bottini, first in 1983 with an appendix to his article on cinturoni a placche (belts of bronze plates affixed to a leather backing), and then more thoroughly seven years later.

Angelo Bottini (1983). "Gli Elmi 'Apulo-Corinzi'." AION AnnArchStAnt (Istituto Orientale di Napoli, Annali Archeologici e Storici Antici) 5, pp. 53-63.
--- (1988). "Apulisch-korinthische Helme." Antike Helme: Sammlung Lipperheide und andere Bestaende des Antikenmuseums Berlin, Mainz. pp. 107-136
--- (1990). "Gli Elmi Apulo-Corinzi: Proposta di Classificazione." AION AnnArchStAnt , pp. 23-37.
- Type A has open eyes, a nose-guard raised in relief, and wholly separate cheek-guards.
- Type B has open eyes, nasal in relief, and cheek-guards joined by one or more "bridges."
- Type C has open eyes, nasal in relief, and cheek-guards completely conjoined.
- Type D has only open eyes; the nasal may be inscribed but is not raised.
- Type E has no apertures: the eyes, nasal and cheek-guards are indicated only by incision.
- Some helmets are too fragmentary and are unclassifiable.

Other relevant bibliography:

Hermann Born, Restaurierung antiker Bronzewaffen, Sammlung Axel Guttmann II (Mainz 1993)
, The Axel Guttmann Collection of Ancient Arms and Armour, Pt. II, London 4/28/2004

I have appended several pictorial representations at the bottom of the page. These are neither complete nor classified.

It is a great shame that such a large percentage of these helmets, whether in public or private collections, have no known provenience. Stripped of their context, orphaned by chance or more likely by human greed, they are doomed to be eternally amnesiac envoys from antiquity, and can add but little to our knowledge.

Key to tables: Dimensions: H Height (to top of dome; excludes any crest attachments unless otherwise noted). L Length front to back. W Width side to side. Th. Thickness of material.

Type A

#	Provenience:	Location:	Details:	Publication:	Pics:
1.	Melfi-Chiuchiari, tomb A	Melfi National Museum (50246)	Confronted boars	Orlandini, Table 53 above, 52 above.
2.	Melfi-Chiuchiari, tomb A	Melfi Nat'l Mus. (50245)	Horse left, boar right.	Orlandini Table 54 below.
3.	Miglionico	Melfi National Museum (12292)	Undecorated.	Lo Porto, Table 51.1
4.	Ruvo di Puglia	British Museum (Walters 2831)	Undecorated. H 10.75 in.	Stary, fig. 14
5.	Ruvo di Puglia	Naples Nat'l Mus. (5732)	Undecorated.	G. Fiorelli, Museo Nazionale di Napoli, armi antiche, Naples 1869, armi greche, p. 1 ss., n. 3 (10081)
6.	Ruvo di Puglia	Naples Nat'l Mus. (5731)	Undecorated.	Ibid. n. 2 (2544)
7.	Rutigliano, Tomb 24	Taranto Nat'l Mus. (140173)	Undecorated.	"Atti 16 conv. Magna Grecia Taranto 1976," Naples 1977, Table 112.
8.	Salapia, Tomb 140	Foggia Town Mus.	Undecorated.	Illustrated in G.M. Fazia, Il Museo Civico di Foggia (Bari 1984), p.25 fig. 43
9.	"Apulia"	British Museum (Walters 2823)	Undecorated. H 16.25 in.	Stary, fig. 12; P. Connolly, Greece and Rome at War, p. 61 n. 14
10.	Northern Apulia	Foggia Town Mus.	Confronted boars.	-
11.	Syracuse	Berlin, Antikenmuseum (L29)	Confronted boars. H 146mm, L 259mm, W 223mm, Th. 0.5-1.6mm	Antike Helme p. 420 s.
12.	"Sicily"	Berlin, Staatlische Museen (L27)	Confronted boars. H 167 mm, L 250mm, W 215mm	Antike Helme p. 545.
13.	"Magna Graecia"	Paris, Bibliotheque National (BB 2015)	Undecorated. H 20cm	A.-M. Adam, Bronzes E/trusques et italiques (Paris 1984), n. 149
14.	Unknown	Milan, Museo Poldi Pezzoli (2469)	Undecorated.	Cavalieri Manasse, p. 36, n. 30A
15.	Unknown	Berlin, Antikenmuseum (L26)	Confronted boars. H 179mm, L 253mm, W 197mm, Th. 0.9-2.1 mm	Antike Helme p. 418 s.
16.	Unknown	Mannheim, Reiss-Museum (Ce 9 (N))	Undecorated.	F.-W. von Hase, in Mannheimer Hefte 1982, 2, p. 99 ss.
17.	Unknown	Dallas, Museum of Fine Arts (1966.8)	Confronted boars.	Ibidem, p. 103	1,2
18.	Unknown	Ex-Marx-Siek collection	Undecorated.	Weinzinger, Table 8, n. 234
19.	Unknown	Lausanne, private collection	Confronted boars.	H. Bloesch, in Mélanges d'histoire et d'archéologie offerts à P. Collart, Lausanne 1976, p. 83 ss.
20.	Unknown	Ex-Guttmann collection	Undecorated.	Sotheby's 12/9/1985, n. 130; Hermann Born, Restaurierung antiker Bronzewaffen, Sammlung Axel Guttmann II (Mainz 1993), example XXI.
21.	Unknown	Ex-Guttmann collection	Undecorated.	Christie's 11/17/1977, n. 404, table 34; Antike Helme, p. 98ss, fig. 47; Sammlung Axel Guttmann, Antike Helme, Kalender 1989 (Oktober); Born 1993, Ex. XII; Christie's 2004, p. 79 n. 85; Royal-Athena Galleries, Auction 81, Oct. 2004, p. 6 n. 19.
22.	Unknown	London market	Confronted boars.	Sotheby's 7/10/1972, p. 39, n. 149, table 35
23.	Unknown	London market	Undecorated.	Sotheby's 6/12/1967, p. 70, n. 156
24.	Unknown	London market	Undecorated.	Sotheby's 6/19/1961, p. 28, n. 116
25.	Unknown	London market	Confronted boars.	Sotheby's 7/13-14/1987, p. 147, n. 410
26.	Unknown	Sempach Station (Switzerland), Private collection	Confronted boars.	-
Bottini's list of 1990 ends here; numbers continue in sequence
27.	Unknown	Gen-Hashlosha (Israel), Museum of Regional and Mediterranean Archaeology (Inv.-Nr. IAA 72-5683)	Confronted boars, one plume holder broken off, small cracks in the neck guard, a small piece missing. Rough, light green and brownish patina. H 245mm	Ines Jucker, Italy of the Etruscans (Jerusalem 1991) p. 92 no. 110 with picture (front)
28.	Unknown	Ex-Guttmann Collection	Undecorated. H 18cm, 1067g	Hermann Historica, Munich, 11/19/2005, Lot 148	1,2,3
29.	Unknown	Ex-Guttmann Collection	Undecorated. H 24cm	H.Born/M.Junkelmann, Romische Kampfund Turnierrustungen, Alex Guttmann Collection, volume 6, Berlin/Mainz 1997, p.97 ff, fig. 73-76 and p.153 ff, plate XVII-XX and fig. 108; Royal Athena Galleries HMY04 - Art of the Ancient World, 2004, no. 58; Ancient Arms, Armor, no. 16	1,2,3
30.	Unknown	Ex-Guttmann Collection	Undecorated. H 17cm, 872g	Hermann Historica, Munich, 11/19/2005, Lot 149	1,2,3
31.	Unknown	Ex-Guttmann Collection	Undecorated. H 175mm, 855g	Hermann Historica, Munich, 11/19/2005, Lot 150	1,2
32.	Unknown	Ex-Guttmann Collection	Confronted boars. H 165mm, 833g	Hermann Historica, Munich, 11/19/2005, Lot 152	1,2,3
33.	Unknown	Ex-Guttmann Collection	Undecorated? H 18cm, 1084g	Hermann Historica, Munich, 11/19/2005, Lot 186	1,2
34.	Serra di Vaglio (Basilicata) - Braida, Tomb 108	presumably Potenza	Undecorated?	A. Bottini and E. Setari, Basileis? I piu recenti rinvenimenti a Braida di Serra di Vaglio: risultati, prospettive e problemi (Rome 1995), p. 16, figs. 16-17
35.	Unknown.	Ex American collection	Confronted horsemen. H 30cm	Royal Athena Galleries GMU04	1,2,3 4,5
36.	Unknown.	Ex Guttmann Collection	Undecorated. H 168mm	Royal Athena Galleries CLG127 - Ancient Arms, Armor, no. 19	1,2,3 4
37.	Unknown	Ex-Guttmann Collection (AG 161)	confronted boars, H 241mm, slight restorations	Christie's 2004, p. 5 n. 17

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Type B: (open eyes, nasal in relief, and cheek-guards joined by one or more "bridges.")

#	Provenience:	Location:	Details:	Publication:	Pics:
1.	Melfi-Chiuchiari, Tomb F	Melfi Nat'l Mus. (50398)	Confronted boars.	-
2.	Melfi-Chiuchiari, Tomb F	Melfi Nat'l Mus. (50388)	2 sphinxes and boar left, boar and 2 sphinxes right.	-
3.	Melfi-Chiuchiari	Melfi Nat'l Mus. (50753)	Left lost, horse right.	-
4.	Melfi-Leonessa, Tomb 7/1973	Melfi Nat'l Mus. (52960)	Confronted boars.	Orlandini, Table 53 below; Popoli anellenici in Basilicata, p.114 s., pl. 46
5.	Lavello, Tomb 56	Melfi Nat'l Mus. (52888)	Confronted horses.	Orlandini, pl.55 top; PA p.130 s., pl. 57
6.	Banzi, Tomb A/1934	Reggio Calabria Nat'l Mus.	Unrestored.	NSc 1936, p.428 ss., fig. 13
7.	Ripacandida, Tomb 82	Melfi Nat'l Mus. (118161)	Undecorated.	Bottini 1983
8.	Pomarico	British Museum (Walters 2832)	Lion and boar left; boar and sphinx right. H 10.75 in.	Stary, fig. 13; P. Connolly, Greece and Rome at War, p. 61 n. 15
9.	Ordona, Tomb 25/1876	Turin, Royal Armory	Probably undecorated. H 170mm (with lophos 250mm), L 280mm, W 200mm	A. Angelucci, Catalogo della Armeria Reale di Torino (Turin 1890), p. 13 s., n. A' 13, fig. 12; M. Mayer, Apulien, vor und während der Hellenisierung, Leipzig-Berlin 1914, p. 67	1,2
10.	Cumae	Naples Nat'l Mus.	Confronted boars.	-
11.	"Southern Italy"	Berlin Antikenmuseum (L90)	Undecorated. H 163mm, L 277mm, W 213mm, Th. 0.5-1.2mm	Antike Helme, p. 427
12.	Friuli	Turin, Armeria Reale	Probably undecorated.	Angelucci, p. 13, n.A'12, fig. 11
13.	Krško (Gurkfeld an der Save), Slovenia	Berlin Antikenmuseum (L30)	Confronted boars. H 185mm, L 291mm, W 192mm, Th. 0.7-2.0mm	Antike Helme p. 422 s.
14.	Athens (?)	Berlin, Staatlische Museen (31590)	Confronted boars.	Lipperheide, n. 284, pp. 71 and 505
15.	Unknown.	Milan, Museo arch. com.	Confronted boars.	P. Orlandini, in Le civiche raccolte di Milano, Milan 1979, pp. 91 and 127.	1
16.	Unknown.	Milan, Museo Poldi Pezzoli (2420)	Left Sphinx, lion, lion; Right lion, lion, sphinx.	Cavalieri Manasse, p. 36, n. 29A
17.	Unknown.	Berlin, Staatlische Museen (Pergamon-museum) (L28)	Horses(?). H 170mm, L 270mm, W 215mm	AA 1905, p. 15 ss., fig. 4; Antike Helme, p. 545
18.	Unknown.	Berlin, Antikenmuseum (10398)	Complex decoration (confronted boars). H 197mm, L 283mm, W 220mm, Th. 0.6-1.9mm	Antike Helme, p. 424 ss.
19.	Unknown.	Nürnberg, Germanisches Nationalmuseum	Undecorated.	Lipperheide, n. 45, p. 73
20.	Unknown.	Frankfurt, Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte (B501)	Undecorated.	-
21.	Unknown.	Brussels, Musée du Cinquantenaire (A703)	Left 2 Confronted warriors, 2 wrestlers, sphinx, lion; Right lion, sphinx, horseman; beneath the eyes reversed ibexes	P. Amandry, in BCH 73, 1949, p. 441, n. 16, pl. 25.
22.	Unknown.	Copenhagen, Nat'l Mus. (ABa889)	Left lion, sphinx, lion; Right boar, lion (?), sphinx.	-	1,2
23.	Unknown.	Boston, Museum of Fine Arts (69.1075)	Undecorated.	M. Comstock & C. Vermeule, Greek, Etruscan & Roman Bronzes, Boston 1971, p. 494, n. 589B
24.	Unknown.	Switzerland, Private collection	Left lion and boar; Right boar and lion.	-
25.	Unknown.	Basel market	Undecorated.	Muenzen und Medaillen AG Basel, Auktion 51, März 1975, Kunstwerke der Antike, n. 218, pl. 59
26.	Unknown.	London market	Undecorated.	Antiquus 1986
27.	Unknown.	London market	Undecorated.	Sotheby's 12/12-13/1983, n. 318
Bottini's list of 1990 ends here; numbers continue in sequence
28.	Larino	(?) (Inv. 34920)	(?) H 170mm; Diam. 200mm; Diam. trasv. 245mm	S. Capini & A. DiNiro, eds., Samnium: Archeologia del Molise, 1991, p. 89, n. c129; p. 98, pl. 8c; Molise 1998, pp. 276-278, p.277 lower left.
29.	Unknown.	New York Market	Confronted boars. L 298mm	Sotheby's 6/12/2001, n.70	1
30.	Unknown.	Virginia Museum of Fine Arts.	Insufficient information. H ca. 203mm	-	1
31.	Unknown.	Ex Guttmann Collection.	Confronted boars. H ca. 290mm	Estates Unlimited, Cranston, Rhode Island. 12/3/2005.	1,2,3 4,5,6
32.	Unknown.	London market.	Confronted boars. H 252mm	Christie's 7/10/1974, n.200, Plate 4

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Type C: (open eyes, nasal in relief, and cheek-guards completely conjoined)

#	Provenience:	Location:	Details:	Publication:	Pics:
1.	Montescaglioso - Sterpinia (1953)	Matera Nat'l Mus. (9584)	Left lion; Right boar. H 185mm, W 220mm	Il museo nazionale Ridola di Matera, Matera 1976, p. 130 s.	1,2,3 4,5
2.	Satriano, Tomb 2/87	Potenza, Soprintendenza (76984)	Left 2 boars; Right horse, boar.	A. Bottini, ed., Armi: gli strumenti della guerra in Lucania, Bari 1993, pp. 118-119
3.	Canosa	Karlsruhe Badisches Landesmuseum (F 430)	Left head of ketos, ketos, boar; Right bull, ketos, head of ketos.	K. Schumacher, Beschreibung der Sammlung Antiker Bronzen, Karlsruhe 1890, p. 130 s., n.694/430, pl. 19; P. Connolly, Greece and Rome at War², p. 100 n. 6	1,2,3
4.	Canosa	Karlsruhe Badisches Landesmuseum (F 432)	Left lion; Right bull.	Ibidem n. 694/432, pl. 13.2	1
5.	Canosa	Bari, Archaeological Museum (2242)	Undecorated.	E.M. De Juliis, ed., Il Museo di Bari, Bari 1983, plate 80, 3-4.
6.	Ruvo di Puglia	Unknown.	Undecorated.	M Jatta, in RM 23, 1908, p. 330 ss.
7.	Rutigliano, Tomb 11	Taranto Nat'l Mus. (141420)	Left dolphin, bull; Right bull and dolphin.	'Atti 16 conv. Magna Grecia (Taranto 1976),' Naples 1977, p. 743.
8.	Rutigliano, Tomb 3	Taranto Nat'l Mus.	Undecorated.	-
9.	Rutigliano, Tomb 19	Taranto Nat'l Mus. (138864)	Undecorated.	-
10.	Rutigliano, Tomb 77	Taranto Nat'l Mus. (165191)	Undecorated.	-
11.	Gravina in Puglia, Tomb 4/II	-	Probably undecorated.	Gravina Archeologica, Modugno 1988, p. 56 s. and cover
12.	"Taranto" (?)	Germany, private collection	Left dog and horseman; Right lion set upon by dog	Weltkunst aus Privatbesitz, Koeln 1968, n. A61, fig. 31.
13.	Capua	Leipzig Museum für Voelkerkunde (Ug 13172)	Confronted boars.	Jahrbuch des Museums für Voelkerkunde zu Leipzig 18, 1961, fig. 3, plate 27.10
14.	Unknown.	Berlin Antikenmuseum (Fr 1011)	Centaur, Iolaos, Herakles. H 178mm, L 270mm, W 191mm, Th. 0.5-0.9mm	Antike Helme, p. 428 ss.
15.	Unknown.	Frankfurt Museum für Vor-und Frühgeschichte (1727)	Undecorated.	-
16.	Unknown.	Ex- Marx-Siek collection	Confronted boars.	F.X. Weinzinger, Katalog der Sammlungen L. Marx - Mainz und A. Siek - München, München 1918, n. 233, plate 7
17.	Unknown.	Rome, private collection	Perhaps confronted boars.	-
18.	Unknown.	New York market	Undecorated. H 302mm (w. crest)	Sotheby's 2/24/1982, n. 4807Y, n. 127
19.	Unknown.	Basel market	Insufficient information. H 29cm	A. Emmerich Gallery - Art of Ancient Italy ecc., April 1970, Basel, p. 39, n. 57.
20.	Unknown.	London market	Left boar; Right ?	Antiquus 1986
21.	Unknown.	Freiburg market	Insufficient information.	Galerie G. Phuze, Freiburg, Kunst der Antike, 1981, n. 33
Bottini's list of 1990 ends here; numbers continue in sequence
22.	Ginosa, Property of B. Sangiorgio, Tomb of 1/13/1935	Taranto Nat'l Mus. (73002)	Confronted boars.	-	1,2,3 4
23.	"Apulia"	Getty Museum (92.AC.71)	Satyr, sphinx; sphinx, satyr.	-	1,2,3 4,5
24.	Unknown.	German Market.	Confronted boars ("Rhinoceros group"?).	Liebert Antiquities, Krefeld, Germany	1
25.	Unknown.	Ex-Guttmann Collection.	Confronted boars.	-	1
26.	Unknown.	Ex-Guttmann Collection.	Confronted boars. H 160mm, Wt 927g	Hermann Historica, Munich, 11/19/2005, Lot 151	1,2
27.	Unknown.	Ex-Guttmann Collection.	Confronted boars. H 170mm, Wt 670g	Hermann Historica, Munich, 11/19/2005, Lot 153	1,2,3
28.	Unknown.	New York market.	Confronted boars. H 232mm	Christie's 12/9/2005 (Sale 1584), Lot 180	1
29.	Unknown.	New York market (formerly in a French private collection).	Confronted boars ("Rhinoceros group"?). H 28cm	Hixenbaugh Ancient Art, Inv. #2443	1,2,3

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Type D: (only open eyes; the nasal may be inscribed but is not raised)

#	Provenience:	Location:	Details:	Publication:	Pics:
1.	Vaglio-Serra (?)	Potenza, Provincial Museum (V284)	Confronted boars.	M. Sestieri Bertarelli, Il museo archeologico provinciale di Potenza, Rome 1957, p. 65
2.	"Purchased in Naples"	Copenhagen Nat'l Mus. (ABa412)	Confronted boars.	-	1,2
3.	Unknown.	Frankfurt, Museum für Vor-und Frühgeschichte (1726)	Undecorated.	-
4.	Unknown.	St. Lucia, Queensland (77.1)	Confronted boars.	M.G. Kanowsky, The Antiquities Collection - Dep. of Classics and Ancient History, University of Queensland, 1978, p. 63
5.	Unknown.	Ex-Guttmann Collection	Confronted boars.	Sotheby's 1/9-10/1984, p. 95, n. 231
6.	Unknown.	London market.	Probably undecorated.	Antiquus 1986
Bottini's list of 1990 ends here; numbers continue in sequence
7.	Unknown.	New York market.	Confronted boars. L 273mm	Sotheby's 12/7/2001 n.70
8.	Unknown.	Ex-Guttmann Collection	Confronted boars. H 212mm	Royal Athena Galleries CLG130 - Ancient Arms, Armor, no. 21	1

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Type E: (no apertures: the eyes, nasal and cheek-guards are indicated only by incision)

#	Provenience:	Location:	Details:	Publication:	Pics:
1.	Ruvo di Puglia	Bari Museo Arch. (7697)	Undecorated.	M Bari pls. XXVII; 81, 1-2.
2.	Cairano, Tomb XVI	Pontecagnano Nat'l Mus. (34809)	Confronted boars.	G. Bailo Modesti, Cairano nell'età arcaica, l'abitato e la necropoli, Naples 1980, pp. 27 ss., 171, pl. 92.1
3.	Vulci (?)	British Museum (Walters 2723)	Confronted boars.	Stary, fig. 15
4.	"Magna Graecia"	Paris, Bibl. Nat. (BB2017)	Undecorated. H 177.5mm, W 182mm, L 224mm	A.-M. Adam, Bronzes étrusques et italiques (Paris 1984), n. 150
5.	Unknown.	Bonn Akademisches Museum (C596)	Confronted boars.	-
6.	Unknown.	London market	Insufficient information.	Antiquus 1986
Bottini's list of 1990 ends here; numbers continue in sequence
7.	Guglionesi - Santa Margherita (Molise)	(?) (Inv. 23288)	Confronted boars. H 171mm, diam. front-back 240mm, diam. L-R 196mm, alt. asta 68mm	Excavation: A. DiNiro, "Guglionesi (Campobasso). Localita' Santa Margherita. Scavo in area di necropoli," Bollettino di Archeologia 3, 1990 p.121; S. Capini & A. DiNiro, eds., Samnium: Archeologia del Molise, 1991, p.89, n. c127.; Molise 1998, pp. 276-278, p.277 top, lower right
8.	Unknown.	Ex-Guttmann Collection.	Confronted boars.	-	1

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Unclassifiable:

#	Provenience:	Location:	Details:	Publication:	Pics:
1.	Ruvo del Monte, Tomb 43	Melfi Nat'l Mus.	Undecorated. In fragments.	-
2.	Unknown.	Ex-Kroeber Collection, Berlin, 1964-1994	Undecorated. It appears that the formerly open eyes and front have been covered over with a bronze sheet.	Royal Athena Galleries HAL11 - Art of the Ancient World, 2004, no. 54; Ancient Arms, Armor, no. 8	1,2

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Pictorial Representations:

#	Provenience:	Location:	Object Type:	Description:	Chronology:	Pics:
1.	Canosa	Naples Nat'l Mus. (H 3254)	vase	Apulian volute krater by the Darius Painter	340-330 BCE.	1
2.	Ruvo	Naples Nat'l Mus. (81951)	vase	Apulian amphora by the Darius Painter	330-320 BCE	1
3.	(Matera?)	Matera	vase	Apulian volute crater by the White Sakkos-Painter	320-310 BCE	1

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Footnotes:

9. Emeline Richardson, review of A.-M. Adam, Bronzes étrusques et italiques: Bibliothèque Nationale, Départment des Monnaies, Médailles et Antiques, in American Journal of Archaeology 90,1 (1986), p. 116.

This page created and maintained by Dan Diffendale,
based on a list by Angelo Bottini, with additions and photographs
by the former and by other individuals (special thanks to Volker Bach
and Andreas Gagelmann), with whom copyright remains.

last update April 26, 2007