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1598 |
Edict of Nantes. |
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Treaty of Vervins, peace between France and Spain. |
|
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Death of Philip II. |
|
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King Sigismund of Sweden deposed, replaced by Charles IX. |
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1600 |
Time of Troubles in Russia. |
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Creation of English East India Company. |
|
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Giordano Bruno burnt for heresy, Rome. |
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1602 |
Creation of Dutch East India Company. |
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1603 |
Death of Elizabeth I of England. |
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Union of crowns of England and Scotland under James I. |
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1604 |
Peace between England and Spain. |
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1606 |
Settlement of the Hungarian revolt against Emperor Rudolf II. |
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Paul V places Venice under Interdict. |
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1607 |
Venetian interdict removed. |
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Monteverdi’s Orfeo first performed. |
|
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1609 |
Death of John William of Cleves-Jülich. |
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Twelve Years’ Truce between the Spanish and the Dutch Republic. |
|
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Emperor’s ‘Letter of Majesty’ to Bohemian Protestants. |
|
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Rival confessional alliances formed in Empire (1608–9). |
|
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Expulsion of Moriscos from Spain. |
|
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Kepler, Astronomia nova. |
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1610 |
Assassination of Henri IV of France, Marie de Medici regent for underage Louis XIII. |
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1611 |
Accession of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. |
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Polish garrison driven out of Moscow. |
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1612 |
Death of Rudolf II, election of Matthias as Holy Roman Emperor. |
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Treaty of Xanten settles disputed claims over Cleves-Jülich. |
|
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1613 |
Michael Romanov elected Tsar by Assembly of the Land. |
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1614 |
Aristocratic revolt followed by convocation of last French Estates General before 1789. |
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1616 |
François de Sales, Treatise on the love of God. |
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1617 |
Ferdinand of Styria recognized as designated Habsburg successor to kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary. |
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Louis XIII seizes control of government from Marie de Medicis and her favourite, Concini. |
|
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1618 |
Defenestration of Prague, beginning of Bohemian revolt. |
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Dutch synod of Dort, victory of strict Calvinists (Gomarists) over Arminians. |
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1619 |
Ferdinand succeeds to Bohemian throne on death of Matthias, elected Holy Roman Emperor by the college of German Electors, but deposed by the Bohemian rebels who elect Frederick V, the Palatine Elector, as king of Bohemia. |
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Fall and execution of Oldenbarneveldt, grand pensionary of Holland. |
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Kepler, Harmonices Mundi. |
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1620 |
Austrian and allied forces crush Bohemians at White Mountain. |
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Spanish occupy and garrison the Valtelline. |
|
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Resumption of Huguenot wars in France. |
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Pilgrim Fathers found Plymouth, Massachusetts. |
|
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Francis Bacon, Novum Organum. |
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1621 |
Philip IV king of Spain. |
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War in the Netherlands resumed. |
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1622 |
Olivares become valido of Philip IV. |
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Canonization of Ignatius Loyola, Philip Neri, Francis Xavier, Teresa of Avila. |
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1623 |
Palatine Electorate transferred to Duke Maximilian of Bavaria. |
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1624 |
Richelieu enters royal council and replaces leading minister, La Vieuville. |
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Spanish begin successful siege of Breda. |
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1625 |
French intervene in Valtelline, launch unsuccessful attack on Genoa, Spain’s ally. |
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Fall of Breda to Spaniards. |
|
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Accession of Charles I in Britain. |
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Danish invasion of Northern Germany. |
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Hugo Grotius, De iure belli ac pacis. |
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1626 |
Huguenot revolt in France. |
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Peace settlement with Spain at Monzon, leaving Valtelline under Spanish control. |
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Christian IV of Denmark defeated at Lutter. |
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1627 |
Death of duke Vincenzo II, Gonzaga of Mantua, opens succession struggle. |
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1628 |
First Spanish siege of Casale-Monferrato. |
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Habsburgs impose settlement on Bohemia. |
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Fall of La Rochelle after year-long siege. |
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Petition of Right in England. |
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Harvey, De motu cordis. |
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1629 |
End of Huguenot revolts in France. |
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French relief of Casale. |
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Dutch capture of Hertogenbosch. |
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Ferdinand II issues Edict of Restitution. |
|
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Treaty of Lübeck ends Danish involvement in Empire. |
|
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Treaty of Altmark ends Swedish-Polish wars. |
|
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Personal rule of Charles I begins. |
|
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Foundation of Massachusetts Bay Company. |
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1630 |
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden invades Germany. |
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Electors reject dynastic wishes of Ferdinand II at Diet of Regensburg, Wallenstein dismissed as imperial general. |
|
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Franco-Dutch alliance. |
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Day of Dupes in France, Richelieu survives challenge to position. |
|
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La Tour paints The Fortune Teller. |
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1631 |
Peace of Cherasco ending Franco-Spanish war in north Italy. |
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Swedish victory at Breitenfeld. |
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Franco-Swedish treaty of Bärwald. |
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First issue of French Gazette. |
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1632 |
Wallenstein checks Swedish army. |
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Death of Gustavus Adolphus at Lützen. |
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Dutch capture Maastricht. |
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1633 |
Swedish-led League of Heilbronn formed, subsidized by France. |
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France invades duchy of Lorraine. |
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Galileo’s views condemned by Urban VIII as heretical. |
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1634 |
Battle of Nördlingen. |
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Wallenstein, imperial commander, assassinated. |
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‘Form of Government’ in Sweden. |
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1635 |
Peace of Prague. |
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France declares war on Spain. |
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Letters patent granted to French Academy. |
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1636 |
Spanish and Austrian armies invade France. |
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1637 |
Ferdinand III Emperor in succession to Ferdinand II. |
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Spaniards lose Breda. |
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Peasant revolts in France. |
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Descartes, Discourse on Method. |
|
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First performance of Corneille’s Le Cid. |
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1638 |
Covenanter revolt against Charles I in Scotland. |
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Galileo, New Science. |
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1640 |
Revolts of Catalonia and Portugal versus Castilian monarchy. |
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Short and Long Parliaments in England. |
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Frederick-William succeeds as Elector of Brandenburg. |
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Posthumous publication of Cornelius Jansen’s Augustinus. |
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1641 |
Grand remonstrance in England. |
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Revolt in Ireland. |
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1642 |
Death of Richelieu. |
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Civil war in Britain. |
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Rembrandt, Night Watch. |
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1643 |
French victory over Spaniards at Rocroi. |
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Death of Louis XIII, his son Louis XIV a minor. Anne of Austria regent, Cardinal Mazarin chief minister. |
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Disgrace of Olivares. |
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Swedish attack on Denmark. |
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1644 |
Peace conferences assemble in Westphalia. |
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Descartes, Principia philosophiae. |
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1645 |
Battle of Jankow. |
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Treaty of Brömsebro between Sweden and Denmark. |
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Formation of New Model Army in England. |
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Accession of Tsar Alexis. |
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1646 |
English parliament wins first civil war. |
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1647 |
Anti-Spanish revolt in Naples and Palermo. |
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1648 |
Spanish-Dutch peace at Münster. |
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Bavarian defeat at Zumarschausen and Swedish siege of Prague. |
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Conclusion of peace negotiations within the Empire. |
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Fronde erupts in France. |
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Army coup in England, Pride’s purge of parliament. |
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Rebellion in Moscow, Assembly of the Land summoned. |
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Ukrainian peasants revolt against Polish landlords. |
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Helmont, Ortus Medicinae. |
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1649 |
Execution of Charles I. Republic declared. |
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Ulozhenie (law code) voted by Assembly recognizes the autocracy and tightens serfdom in Russia. |
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Beginning of noble Fronde. |
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1650 |
Failure of William II’s coup in Holland. |
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1651 |
Louis XIV comes of age, noble revolt continues. |
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English Navigation Act voted. |
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Hobbes’s Leviathan published. |
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1652 |
Castilian reconquest of Barcelona. |
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First Anglo-Dutch War. |
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End of Ukrainian peasants’ revolt. |
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First use of liberum veto in Polish Diet. |
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1653 |
Collapse of noble Fronde, return of Mazarin from exile, prince of Condé serves with his troops alongside the Spanish army of Flanders. |
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Elector of Brandenburg reaches agreement with nobility of the Estates. |
|
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Swiss peasant revolt. |
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Innocent X condemns Five Propositions from Jansen’s Augustinus. |
|
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Patriarch Nikon’s church reforms in Russia lead to schism of Old Believers. |
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1654 |
Outbreak of Russo-Polish War. |
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Anglo-Dutch peace treaty. |
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Abdication of Christina of Sweden. |
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1655 |
French defeat at Valenciennes. |
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Sweden attacks Poland-Lithuania. |
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La Peyrère, Prae-Adamitae. |
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1656 |
Death of Ferdinand III. |
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1657 |
Denmark attacks Sweden, and Swedish troops overrun Jutland. |
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Publication of Pascal’s Provincial Letters. |
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1658 |
Anglo-French victory at battle of the Dunes. |
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Swedish/Danish Peace of Roskilde. |
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Leopold I elected Emperor. |
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Death of Oliver Cromwell. |
|
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Gassendi, Syntagma philosophicum. |
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1659 |
Peace of the Pyrennes. |
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1660 |
Restoration of Charles II in England. |
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Treaty of Oliva between Sweden, Brandenburg and Poland. |
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Frederick William of Brandenburg takes control of East Prussia. |
|
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Regency government in Sweden for Charles XI. |
|
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Foundation of London Royal Society. |
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1661 |
Death of Mazarin, beginning of the personal rule of Louis XIV. |
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Start of major army reforms of Michel Le Tellier and Louvoi. |
|
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Declaration of hereditary monarchy in Denmark. |
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1665 |
Carlos II king of Spain. |
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Second Anglo-Dutch War. |
|
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Royal Danish law codifying absolute monarchy. |
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1667 |
War of Devolution in the Spanish Netherlands. |
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Peace of Breda. |
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1668 |
Triple Alliance between Dutch, English and Swedes. |
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First Partition Treaty for the Spanish inheritance of Carlos II. |
|
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Peace of Aix-La-Chapelle. |
|
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Castilians concede independence to Portugal. |
|
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Publication of La Fontaine’s Fables. |
|
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1669 |
Grimmelhausen, The Adventures of Simplicius Simplicissimus. |
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1670 |
Secret Anglo-French treaty of Dover. |
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Hungarian revolt against Habsburgs. |
|
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First edition of Pascal’s Pensées. |
|
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Spinoza, Tractatus theologico-politicus. |
|
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1672 |
Franco-Dutch war (to 1678). |
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William of Orange stadhouder, captain- and admiral-general of Dutch Republic. |
|
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Third Anglo-Dutch war. |
|
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Declaration of Indulgence by Charles II provokes fears of popery in England, leads to Test Act of 1673. |
|
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1673 |
Malebranche, Recherches de la vérité. |
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1675 |
Defeat of Swedes by Prussians at Fehrbellin. |
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1678 |
Peace of Nijmegen. |
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Opening of popish plot and exclusion crisis in Britain. |
|
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Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress published. |
|
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1680 |
Sweden’s Estates formally recognize royal absolutism, authorize resumption of crown lands. |
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1681 |
French take Strasbourg as part of the policy of réunions. |
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Revolt of Hungarian magnates against Habsburgs. |
|
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1683 |
Ottoman siege of Vienna, defeated at battle of Kahlenberg. |
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End of exclusion crisis in Britain. |
|
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1684 |
Pierre Bayle begins publishing Nouvelles de la République des Lettres. |
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1685 |
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. |
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Death of Charles II of England, succession of James II. |
|
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1686 |
Formation of League of Augsburg in the Empire to resist French aggression. |
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Buda recaptured from Ottomans. |
|
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1687 |
Habsburgs and Hungarian nobility reach compromise at Diet of Pressburg. |
|
Newton, Principia mathematica. |
|
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1688 |
France intervenes in dispute over Archbishopric of Cologne. |
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Glorious Revolution, and establishment of William and Mary as rulers of England. |
|
|
French devastation of the Palatinate. |
|
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Habsburgs take Belgrade from Turks. |
|
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1689 |
First campaign of Nine Years War. |
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Tsar Peter I (‘the Great’) seizes power in Russia. |
|
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1690 |
William of Orange defeats James II and Irish supporters. |
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John Locke’s An Essay Concerning Human Understanding and Two Treatises on Government. |
|
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Anglo-French naval battle of Bézeviers (Beachy Head). |
|
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1692 |
Battle of Steenkirk. |
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1694 |
Bank of England created. |
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University of Halle founded. |
|
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1696 |
Treaty of Turin between France and duke of Savoy seeks to neutralize the Italian theatre in return for French abandonment of Pinerolo. |
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Peter the Great captures Azov from the Turks. |
|
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Toland, Christianity not mysterious. |
|
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1697 |
Augustus Elector of Saxony is elected King of Poland. |
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Austrian army commanded by Prince Eugene defeats the Turks at Zenta; reconquest of Hungary completed. |
|
|
Treaty of Ryswick ends the Nine Years War. |
|
|
Pierre Bayle, Historical and critical dictionary. |
|
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Consecration of St. Paul’s Cathedral, London. |
|
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1698 |
Second Partition Treaty (of Spanish succession) between Louis XIV, Leopold I and William III. |
|
1699 |
Death of Joseph Ferdinand, son of the Bavarian Elector and heir-designate by the Partition Treaty to the Spanish inheritance. |
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Peace of Karlowitz ends war between Austria and the Turks. |
|
|
Fénélon’s Aventures de Télémaque published. |
|
|
Russia replaces Byzantine calendar with Julian. |
|
|
1700 |
Death of Carlos II, who willed Spanish inheritance to Louis’ grandson, the future Philip V of Spain. |
|
Louis XIV accepts Spanish legacy. |
|
|
Great Northern War against Sweden begins. |
|
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1701 |
Act of Settlement establishing Hanoverian succession in England. |
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Grand Alliance formed against Louis XIV. |
|
|
War of the Spanish Succession begins. |
|
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Elector Frederick III of Brandenburg becomes King Frederick I of Prussia. |
|
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1702 |
Charles XI of Sweden takes Warsaw, and defeats armies of Poles and Saxons. |
|
Death of William III. |
|
|
Grand Alliance of English, Dutch and Austrians declare war on Louis XIV and Philip V. |
|
|
Revolt of Protestant Camisards in southern France. |
|
|
Revolt of Hungarian magnates. |
|
|
1703 |
Peter the Great founds St Petersburg. |
|
Rakoczy revolt versus Habsburgs in Hungary. |
|
|
1704 |
Battle of Blenheim. |
|
First national daily newspaper founded in England. |
|
|
1705 |
Siege of Barcelona. |
|
Death of Emperor Leopold, succeeded by Joseph I. |
|
|
1706 |
Battle of Ramillies and relief of Turin. |
|
1707 |
Union of England and Scotland. |
|
1708 |
Battle of Oudenarde, siege of Lille. |
|
Vauban publishes Project d’une dixme royale. |
|
|
1709 |
Marlborough’s pyrrhic victory at Malplaquet. |
|
Peace talks open at Getruydenberg. |
|
|
Defeat of Charles XII at Poltava, and collapse of Sweden’s control over the Baltic states. |
|
|
Louis XIV suppresses the Jansenist convent of Port-Royal. |
|
|
Darby produces coke-smelted cast iron at Coalbrooke in Shropshire. |
|
|
1710 |
Breakdown of peace negotations between Bourbons and Allies. |
|
Meissen porcelain manufactory established in Saxony. |
|
|
Leibniz, Theodicy. |
|
|
1711 |
Resumption of Anglo-French peace talks. |
|
Emperor Joseph I dies, succeeded by Charles VI. |
|
|
Compromise between Habsburgs and Hungarians at Szathmar. |
|
|
Spectator appears for first time. |
|
|
1712 |
Preliminaries of Utrecht conference. |
|
Battle of Denain. |
|
|
Abbé de Saint-Pierre’s Mémoires pour rendre la paix perpetuelle en Europe published. |
|
|
Leibniz, Monadology. |
|
|
1713 |
Treaties of Utrecht (to 1715), followed in 1714 by Treaties of Rastatt and Baden. |
|
George Elector of Hanover becomes George I. |
|
|
Papal bull Unigenitus condemns 101 propositions tainted by Jansenism. |
|
|
1715 |
Death of Louis XIV. |