28 September Adoption of Constitution of Republic of Serbia. Vestiges of

autonomy of Kosovo and Vojvodina effectively ended.

within Croatia for areas of Serbian majority Population'.

7 July EC-brokered 'Brioni Agreement' between Federal, Croatian and

7 September Formal opening session of EC-sponsored Conference on

17 September Leaders of Serbia, Croatia and Federal Army (JNA)

signed ceasefire agreement with Lord Carrington.

25 September UN Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 713 placed arms embargo on the whole of the former Yugoslavia.

8 October UN Secretary-General appointed Cyrus Vance, a former US

Secretary of State, as his personal envoy to former Yugoslavia.

15 October Bosnian Parliament issued memorandum on sovereignty.

Serb leader, Dr Radovan Karadzic, declared this could lead to war of

extermination, and Serb delegates walked out.

21 October Rump Federal Presidency rejected EC proposals for loose association of sovereign republics.

Nation.

27 November UNSCR 721 passed, envisaging peacekeeping operation,

provided that parties complied with peace agreement reached in Geneva

on 23 November 1991.

19 December 'Serbian Autonomous Regions' of Croatia proclaimed as

'Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK)'.

23 December Germany recognised Slovenia and Croatia, with diplomatic

relations to be established as from 15 January. President Alija Izetbegovic

requested UN peacekeepers for Bosnia.

effective from date of international recognition of Bosnia.

15 January EC recognised Slovenia and Croatia.

21 February UNSCR 743 set up a Protection Force (UNPROFOR),

mandated to create three IJN Protected Areas (UNPAs) in Croatia.

Muslims and Croats in favour, majority of Serbs boycotted it.

of Bijeljina.

7 April EC recognised Bosnia.'Assembly of the Serbian Nation of Bosnia-

Hercegovina' proclaimed an independent Bosnian Serb Republic, which

was later named 'Republika Srpska (RS)'.

Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY),' consisting of Serbia and Montenegro.

30 May UNSCR 757 imposed a wide range of economic and political

sanctions against Serbia and Montenegro.

26-27 August International Conference on the Former Yugoslavia

flights over Bosnia.

creating 10 largely autonomous provinces based on ethnic mix,

geographical and historical factors, communications and economic

stability.

Owen peace plan.

replaced Vance as UN Representative and Co-Chairman of ICFY.

1-2 May Summit meeting in Athens between all Bosnian leaders and

Croatian and Serbian Presidents. Karadzic signed Vance-Owen peace

plan.

6 May UNSCR 824 declared that the Bosnian capital, Sarajevo, and also

Tuzla, Zepa, Gorazde, Bihac, Srebrenica and their surrounding areas,

should be treated as safe areas by all parties concerned and should be free

from armed attacks.

independence: plan rejected (96 per cent against).

22 May Foreign Ministers of Britain, US, Russia, France and Spain

agreed Joint Action Programme.

the Former Yugoslavia, tasked with prosecuting those accused of serious

Mostar-based 'Croatian Community of Herceg-Bosna' a republic.

27-29 August Bosnian Serbs and Bosnian Croats accepted new Owen-

Stoltenberg proposals on a union of three ethnic republics in Bosnia.

29 September Bosnian Assembly voted for the Owen-Stoltenberg

proposal, but only if territories seized by force were returned.

Minister.

Secretary-General's Special Representative for the former Yugoslavia.

16 December Britain and other EU States established diplomatic relations

with the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM).

in numerous civilian deaths and casualties.

7 February EU Foreign Ministers backed use of NATO airpower if

necessary to lift Bosnian Serb siege of Sarajevo.

9 February At UN request, NATO agreed to authorise air strikes, declared

20 km total exclusion zone around Sarajevo and required Bosnian Serbs to

within 10 days; also called on Bosnian Government to place heavy

weapons in Sarajevo under UN control. Agreement between 'RS' and

17 February Russian initiative secured Bosnian Serb cooperation in

withdrawing heavy weapons from Sarajevo.

1 March In Washington, Silajdzic, Croatian Foreign Minister Mate Granic

and Bosnian Croat leader, Kresimir Zubak, signed framework Federation

well as a preliminary agreement on a confederation between that

Federation and the Republic of Croatia.

24 March 'RS' Assembly rejected joining Muslim-Croat Federation and

demanded that sanctions against Serbs should be lifted.

29 March Agreement on ceasefire in Krajina signed at Russian Embassy

in Zagreb by Croatian Government and Krajina Serbs.

11 April NATO planes bombed Bosnian Serb arrnoured vehicles in

response to resumption of shelling of Gorazde.

22 April NATO authorised use of air strikes against Bosnian Serb heavy

weapons within 20 km exclusion zone around Gorazde unless: there was

an immediate ceasefire; Bosnian Serb forces pulled back 3 km from

Gorazde centre; humanitarian convoys and medical evacuations were

permitted. NATO also authorised immediate use of air strikes against

Bosnian Serbs in the event of attacks against any UN safe area, or if

Bosnian Serb heavy weapons come within 20 km exclusion zones around

these areas.

22-23 April Akashi held talks with President Milosevic and Bosnian Serb

leadership in Belgrade. Reached six-point ceasefire agreement on

Gorazde, with Bosnian Serbs agreeing to immediate ceasefire;

Deployment of UNPROFOR in 3 km radius of centre and on both sides of

the River Drina; safe medical evacuation; freedom of movement for

UNPROFOR and humanitarian organisations.

26 April First meeting of 'Contact Group', comprising representatives of

Britain, Russia, US, France and Germany, held in London. The Group was

set up as a forum to present a united front to the warring parties, and

concentrated on securing agreement on a territorial allocation as the first

step in a political settlement. It produced a map for the parties to consider.

Bosniac/Croat Federation at 58 per cent of Bosnian territory; divided

Federation into eight cantons; and determined composition of interim

federal government.

plus Vice- President of European Commission, met in Geneva. They

called for four-month cessation of hostilities and requested negotiations

within two weeks, under aegis of Contact Group, on the basis of territorial

division of 51 per cent for the Bosnian Federation and 49 per cent for the

Bosnian Serbs.

31 May Bosnian Assembly elected Zubak (Bosnian Croat) and Ejup Ganic

(Bosnian Muslim) as President and Vice-President of Federation until

federal elections, scheduled after six months. Assembly also endorsed

Washington and Vienna Agreements (see 1 March and 11 May).

10 June Draft Memorandum of Understanding on the EU administration of

Mostar initialled ad referendum by enlarged EU Troika and Bosnian and

8 July Justice Richard Goldstone of South Africa approved as Chief

Prosecutor for International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.

Stated that: they could not take position on Contact Group peace plan

because constitutional arrangements for Bosnia were not fully elaborated,

and further work was required on map. But it could serve as basis for

further negotiations.

23 July Hans Koschnick from Germany inaugurated as EU administrator

4 August President Milosevic announced decision to sever political and

economic ties with Bosnian Serbs because of their rejection of the peace

plan.

20 August 'RS President' Karadzic and 'RSK President' Milan Martic

signed a proposal for the unification of 'RS' and 'RSK'.

11 November US announced it would stop enforcing arms embargo on

Bosnian Government and Bosniac/Croat Federation.

21 November NATO bombed Udbina airport in 'RSK' following air

attacks by Krajina- based Serbian aircraft on the Bihac region. Intense

diplomatic and military activity ensued, including UN Security Council

Presidential statements, attempts to broker a ceasefire, continued Krajina

Serbian attacks on Bihac, NATO close air support and Bosnian Serb

detention of UNPROFOR personnel.

2 December Croatian Government and 'RSK' authorities signed an

economic agreement.

Cessation of Hostilities Agreement.

12 January Croatia said she would not renew UNPROFOR mandate after

31 March. UNPROFOR would then have three months to withdraw.

30 January Zagreb-4 plan presented to Croatian Government and Knin-

based 'RSK' leadership. Drawn up by EU, UN, US and Russian

representatives, the plan aimed to bring a political settlement to the

conflict in Croatia. 'RSK' refused to consider it until guarantees were

received of UNPROFOR's presence beyond 31 March. President

Milosevic refused to receive Z4 ambassadors.

5 February US convened a meeting in Munich in support of the

Bosniac/Croat Federation. A nine-point aid plan was announced and

Muslim and Croat officials agreed to the appointment of an arbiter for

Muslim/Croat disputes.

8 February 'RSK' Assembly suspended all economic and political

negotiations with Croatia until she reversed her decision on terminating

the UNPROFOR mandate.

13 February International Criminal Tribunal indicted 21 Serbs for

genocide. 'RS' President refused to allow extradition of anyone. 'FRY'

ruled that alleged 'FRY' war criminals must be tried there.

20 February 'RS' and 'RSK' announced a Joint Defence Council.

Agreement between the EU and Croatia, but made start of the negotiations

on the implementation of the Bosniac/Croat Federation.

12 March President Tudjman announced that a reconfigured UN force

could remain on Croatian soil.

31 March UNSCRs 981, 982 and 983 adopted unanimously. 981 set up

UNCRO (Confidence Restoration Operation) in Croatia; 982 renewed

UNPROFOR mandate in Bosnia; 983 transformed UNPROFOR in the

FYROM to UNPREDEP (UN Preventive Deployment Force). All three

new mandates to run until 30 November 1995.

1 May Start of the Croatian offensive, 'Operation Flash', to retake western

Slavonia. Croatian Serbs responded by shelling, and detained some UN

3 May UN-brokered ceasefire agreement signed by Croatia and Croatian

Serb representatives .

8 June US House of Representatives voted for unilateral lifting of arms

embargo.

Owen as Co- Chairman of the ICFY Steering Committee.

to 12,500 to reinforce existing forces and create Rapid Reaction Force

(RRF). China and Russia abstained.

observation posts in Sarajevo's 20 km exclusion zone.

airport in response to violations of NFZ by Bosnian Serbs.

3 July UN convoy on Mount Igman fired at and returned fire.

8 July 'RS' forces moved into Srehrenica safe area.

9 July 'RS' forces overran Srebrenica UN posts, capturing UN troops. UN

threatened to call for air strikes if Bosnian Serb forces moved closer.

12 July UN and EU demanded Bosnian Serb withdrawal from Srebrenica.

19 July 'RSK' and forces of Fikret Abdic, a Muslim separatist leader,

attacked Bihac region.

contributors held in London to discuss response to Serb attacks on safe

areas

22 July Presidents Tudjman and Izetbegovic met in Split. Agreement

signed on joint defence and implementation of the Bosniac/Croat

Federation.

23 July UK, US and French representatives delivered ultimatum to Ratko

Mladic, commander of the 'RS' army: attacking Gorazde or putting UN

lives at risk there would lead to extensive air strikes.

genocide and Martic for war crimes. Bosnian Serb forces entered Zepa.

26 July UN Secretary-General delegated his authority for air strikes to

UNPROFOR Commander Bernard Janvier. US Senate voted to lift

embargo on Bosnia if UN decided to withdraw or Bosnian Government

requested UN withdrawal.

resigned, saving he could not participate in pretence of protection of

human rights. Abdic declared himself President of the 'Independent

Republic of Western Bosnia'.

29-30 July Akashi talked to President Tudjman and 'President' Martic with

the aim of averting a Croatian offensive against 'RSK'.

3 August UN-brokered talks in Geneva, between Croatian Government

and 'RSK' leaders, broke down.

4 August Croatia launched 'Operation Storm', which rapidly retook

Sectors North and South. The majority of Serbs fled via Bosnia into

Serbia, where tens of thousands have settled in Vojvodina. Smaller

numbers agreed to move to Kosovo.

in the Bihac region.

Lake, began four-day trip to London, Bonn, Paris, Madrid, Rome,

Moscow and Ankara to outline new US peace initiative, based on the

existing Contact Group map.

28 August Bosnian Serb mortar attack killed 37 civilians in Sarajevo.

29 August 'RS' Assembly welcomed US initiative.

30 August NATO and RRF began air strikes on 'RS' military targets in

response to 28 August mortar attack on Sarajevo. 'RS' and 'FRY'

leaderships announced that joint negotiating team, led by President

Milosevic who would have casting vote, would consider US

Geneva and reached agreement on basic principles including 1) Bosnia-

Hercegovina would continue its legal existence with its present borders

and continuing international recognition; 2) it would consist of two

entities, each with the right to establish parallel special relationships with

neighbouring countries, consistent with the territorial integrity of Bosnia.

14 September 12-hour pause agreed in the NATO/RRF strike campaign to

allow for US envoy Richard Holbrooke, Mladic and President Milosevic

to conclude a 'Framework for a Cessation of Hostilities Agreement'.

Strikes were suspended for 72 hours to allow withdrawal of Serb heavy

weapons from Sarajevo exclusion zone. Within 24 hours, airport and

humanitarian routes into city were to be opened; within 144 hours the

weapons withdrawal was to be completed.

of Bosnia held by the Federation.

York and agreed that Bosnia would have a central presidency, parliament

and constitutional court. Parliament was to be composed of one-third 'RS'

delegates and two- thirds Federation delegates. Within the presidency,

1 November Bosnian, Croatian and 'FRY/RS' delegations, plus the

Contact Group countries, met for talks in Dayton, Ohio.