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Mazÿck P. Ravenal,
MD, one of the first matriculants and fellows in the University's Laboratory
of Hygiene, lecturer in bacteriology in Penn's Veterinary Department,
bacteriologist to the State Livestock Sanitary Board Laboratories (housed
on the Penn campus for many years), and chief of laboratories at the Phipps
Institute from 1903 to 1907. In addition to his work with Pepper Laboratory
Associate Daniel J. McCarthy, MD, on the rapid diagnosis of rabies, Ravenal
was the first to prove the transmissibility of bovine tuberculosis to
man. He pursued this research in response to Dr. Robert Koch's suggestion
that the likelihood of transmission from cattle to man was very rare.
(American Society for Microbiology Archives)
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Florence
Seibert, PhD, receiving National Achievement Award from Mrs. Eleanor D.
Roosevelt for her work on tuberculosis, 1944. Seibert came to the Phipps
Institute of the University of Pennsylvania with Esmond R. Long, MD, in
1932. Here, she continued prior work on the isolation and purification
of tuberculin. She succeeded in crystallizing and purifying the active
principle of tuberculin, called purified protein derivative (PPD). Seibert
took this work one step further in 1941 when she produced PPD-S, a derivative
chosen to be the national and international tuberculin standard. The World
Health Organization and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) sponsored
production of a batch of this PPD for widespread use. Seibert's product
remains in use today. Florence B. Seibert, Pebbles on the Hill of a Scientist,
1968. (American Society for Microbiology Archives)
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Eugene Opie, MD, circa
1909. Appointed the new director of the Phipps Institute in 1923, Opie
began his famous studies on the nature of immune reactions, examining
the fate of antigens in animals immunized to them. Opie and his colleagues
also prepared reports on the contagion of TB within families that paved
the way for future public health programs. (American Society for Microbiology
Archives)
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Max
Lurie, MD, professor of experimental pathology. Lurie undertook most of
his life's research on TB at the Phipps Institute of the University of Pennsylvania.
He made many significant contributions toward understanding air-borne contagion
of animals and the pathogenesis of TB, including the difference between
host responses to initial and subsequent infections with mycobacteria. His
experimental work on bovine tuberculosis in inbred families of rabbits opened
the door to the widespread use of inbred laboratory animals for studying
genetic aspects of other diseases. (American Society for Microbiology Archives)
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Esmond
R. Long, PhD, MD, professor of pathology, director of the Henry Phipps Institute
(1932-1955), and chairman of the National Tuberculosis Association. Long,
who contracted pulmonary tuberculosis while a medical student, pursued research
into the active principle of tuberculin early in his career. In collaboration
with Florence Seibert, PhD, Long showed the active principle to be a protein.
In 1932 he moved to Philadelphia for his Penn pathology and Phipps Institute
appointments. Long contributed his knowledge of metabolic and anatomic aspects
of TB to epidemiology studies at Phipps. These combined expertise led to
prestigious appointments in the US Army Medical Corps and the Office of
the Surgeon General for tuberculosis related issues during the Second World
War. While at Penn, Long also laid the groundwork for his studies on leprosy.
(American Society for Microbiology Archives) |
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