This table will be revised continuously. Suggestions for
revision are welcome. It is intended as an aid to thinking about
the material in Psychology 153/600, which is most of the field of
judgment and decision making. Perhaps the categories run into
each other. But this may still help.
Bias
| Normative model
| Explanation |
I. ATTENTION |
I. A. Availability, attention to here and now, easy, and compatible |
errors in syllogisms
| logic
| limited search |
four-card problem
| logic
| limited search |
anchoring and underadjustment
| right answer
| underadjustment |
availability in causes of death
| right answer
| availability |
fault tree effect
| probability additivity
| availability |
asymmetric dominance
| independence of irrelevant alternatives
| neglect of difficult |
evaluability effect
| invariance
| neglect of difficult |
dynamic inconsistency
| consistent discounting
| attention to short-term |
preference reversal for gambles
| invariance
| compatibility |
identifiable victim
| utilitarianism
| proportionality |
planning fallacy
| regression
| individuating information |
I. B. Heuristics based on imperfect correlations |
gambler's fallacy
| independence
| representativeness |
hindsight bias
| right answer
| availability |
outcome bias
| right answer
| availability |
information bias
| value of information
| information heuristic |
congruence bias
| value of information
| congruence heuristic |
status-quo bias
| invariance principle
| status-quo heuristic |
ambiguity effect
| EU theory (sure-thing)
| missing information heuristic |
omission bias
| EU or utilitarianism
| do-no-harm heuristic |
punishment without deterrence
| utilitarianism
| reciprocity heuristic |
natural bias
| utility theory
| naturalness heuristic |
proportionality bias
| EU theory (linear in p)
| proportionality heuristic |
zero-risk bias
| EU theory
| proportionality heuristic |
sunk cost effect
| utility theory
| no-waste heuristic |
ex-ante equality
| utilitarianism (and invariance)
| equality heuristic |
voter's illusion
| cause-effect
| cause-correlation confusion |
I. C. Focus on one attribute with unawareness of others |
neglect of priors
| Bayes's theorem
| representativeness |
nonregressiveness in prediction
| regression
| representativeness |
conjunction effect
| logic and probability
| representativeness |
illusion of control
| contingency
| attention to outcome |
prominence effect
| invariance
| importance heuristic |
neglect of ranges
| multi-attribute utility theory
| importance heuristic |
single mindedness
| multi-attribute utility theory
| limited attention |
failure to integrate
| utility maximization
| isolation |
fixed-pie assumption
| multi-attribute utility theory
| failure to see trade-offs |
parochialism effect
| utilitarianism
| self-interest illusion |
II. MOTIVATED BIAS - MYSIDE BIAS AND WISHFUL THINKING |
inappropriate extreme confidence
| calibration
| myside bias in search |
wishful thinking
| independence of belief and value
| effect of desire on belief |
selective exposure
| fairness toward evidence
| selective exposure |
biased assimilation
| neutral evidence principle
| biased assimilation |
polarization
| neutral evidence principle
| biased assimilation |
belief overkill
| uncorrelated beliefs
| myside bias |
illusory correlation
| true correlation
| biased assimilation |
primacy effect
| order principle
| biased assimilation |
distortion of fairness by self-interest
| universalizability of morality
| wishful thinking |
morality as self-interest illusion
| self-other distinction
| belief overkill |
III. PSYCHOPHYSICAL DISTORTIONS |
certainty effect
| EU theory (linear probability)
| diminishing sensitivity |
overweighting low probabilities
| EU theory (linear probability)
| diminishing sensitivity |
declining marginal disutility
| declining marginal utility
| diminishing sensitivity |
framing effect for gains and losses
| invariance principle
| diminishing sensitivity |
dynamic inconsistency
| consistent discounting
| diminishing sensitivity to time |