Anthropology 533
[click here for updated syllabus]
ANDEAN ARCHAEOLOGY
Fall 1996
Professor Clark L. Erickson
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The Inca Ruins of Machu Picchu, Peru |
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The Ponce Stela, Tiwanaku |
New Stuff!
Basics
Required Textbooks
Course Content
Prerequisites
Required Readings
Reading Syllabus
Table of Contexts of Reader
Grading
Conference on
Andean Archaeology and Ethnohistory
New Books, Classics, Reference Materials, and Bibliographies
Selected Journals and Periodicals that cover Andean
Archaeology
Recent Andean Ethnographies
The Professor
OFFICE
Room 435-436, University Museum
OFFICE HOURS
Mondays 3:00 - 5:00 pm
I will be available during office hours and after class if you have any
questions regarding the course material, the department's program in
anthropology, or archaeology in general. You can also see me after class and by
appointment if office hours conflict with your schedule. Messages can be left
in my mailbox in the Department of Anthropology or contact me by email.
TELEPHONE
(215) 898-2282
E-MAIL
cerickso@sas.upenn.edu
I strongly encourage all the students in the course to obtain an e-mail account
and to learn how to use electronic mail.
ANTHROPOLOGY 533 ONLINE
This "online" course description and syllabus is best accessed with
recent version of Netscape Navigator
(2.0 or Later), although other web browsers can be used. I encourage all
students to explore the Web on the computers in the Anthropology Computer Room
or on personal computers connected by modem. This site is always "under
construction" and it will have graphics, digital images, updates on the
course syllabus, additional bibliographic readings, news related to the course,
and schedules of lectures, conferences, and symposia relating to Andean
Archaeology. The site will eventually include links to other on-line Web sites
of interest to students in this course.
CLASS LECTURES
Wednesdays 2:00 - 5:00 pm
Room 328, University Museum
REQUIRED TEXTBOOKS
The first three books are available at the University of Pennsylvania
Bookstore, Locust Walk at 38th Street (Please note that the books are also on reserve).
- Moseley, Michael E.
1992 The Incas and their Ancestors: The Archaeology of Peru. Thames and Hudson, London (paperback) - Burger, Richard
1992 Chavin and the Origins of Andean Civilization. Thames and Hudson, New York (paperback) - Patterson, Thomas C.
1991 The Inca Empire: The Formation and Disintegration of a Pre-Capitalist State. Berg, New York (paperback) - Anthropology 533
1994 Anth 533 Andean Archaeology Bulk Pack Reader: A collection of required readings will be available for optional purchase at Campus Copy Center, 3907 Walnut St. (Tel: 386-6410). Originals of all of these articles can be found in the Museum Library books and journals. - National Geographic
Society Map(s)
(Obtain at least one (1) of the following from family or relative's collection of NG. Other detailed atlas maps may be used if these are not available): - 1972 Map "South America" National Geographic 142(4) Oct.
- 1982 Map "Indians/Archaeology of South America" National Geographic 161(3) March.
- 1992 Map "South America" National Geographic 182(2) August.
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The Gateway of the Sun, Tiwanaku, Bolivia |
COURSE CONTENT
This course provides a basic survey of the prehistory of ancient civilizations
in the Central Andean Region of South America (the highland and coastal areas
that today are part of Peru and Bolivia). Emphasis will be placed on the
following cultures and periods: the Preceramic, Chavin, Paracas, Pukara, Moche,
Nazca, Wari, Tiwanaku, Chimu, and Inca. Topics include the history of South
American archaeology, peopling of the continent, origins and evolution of
agriculture, early village life, ceremonial and domestic architecture,
prehistoric art and symbolism, andean cosmology and astronomy, ancient
technology, outside contacts and relationships, prehistoric economies and
trade, social and political structure, state formation and urbanism, and early
contacts with Europeans. The focus will be on the recent archaeological
investigations and interpretations combined with appropriate analogy from
ethnohistory and ethnography. The prehistory of the Amazonian lowlands and
"the intermediate area" of northern South America will not be
presented in this course, but will be covered as a separate course in the
future.
Classes will consist of lectures, with occasional discussion sections. Slides
will be used to illustrate concepts and sites presented in lecture and several
films and/or videos will also be shown as supplementary material. We also will
take short tours of the extensive South American collections of the University
of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology during some classes.
Grading is based on 2 exams, a short research paper, and class participation.
PREREQUISITES
Because this is a 500-level course for upper-level undergraduates and graduate
students, a basic understanding of anthropological concepts and terms,
especially those of socio-cultural anthropology and archaeology, is required.
All readings will be in English and knowledge of Spanish is not necessary (although
reading ability in Spanish may be helpful in doing the research for the course
paper).
REQUIRED READINGS
There are many reading assignments for this course. The required textbooks are
Moseley, Burger, Patterson, and a "bulk pack reader." The bulk pack
reader has been assembled for this course which includes a number of important
articles on Andean Archaeology which will be available for purchase at the
Campus Copy Shop, 3907 Walnut Street (located between 39th and 40th Streets). A
number of key books have been placed on permanent reserve in the University
Museum Library, 3rd floor of the University Museum of Archaeology and
Anthropology, under the course title, Anthropology 533. A list of these books
is available at the circulation desk (also see below). Weekly reading
assignments will come from the texts, the reader, and books and articles in the
reserve collection and general library collection. At times during the semester,
new materials may be added to the readings in the "Anthro 533 Box." A
reading syllabus will be provided and may be periodically updated throughout
the semester.
GRADING
Grades will be based on 2 exams (a midterm and final) and a short research
paper, all of equal weight. The student will be responsible for material
presented in the lecture, readings, slide presentations, Museum tours, and
films/videos.
Students will be required to write a short research paper on a topic chosen by the student in consultation with the professor (I will help you select an appropriate topic and find pertinent references. You must have my approval of the topic chosen). This paper should be 10-20 typewritten double-spaced pages, and it should use numerous bibliographic references and must include a formal abstract. The style guide of American Antiquity (see volume 57(4):749-770, 1992, October) should be followed for bibliographic citations in the paper. Please take advantage of the topical "keyword" search capability of RLIN, FCAT, WILS, and other on-line library facilities available at the University Museum Library and the Internet to find up-to-date reference materials for your paper. The paper topic will be due mid-semester and the final paper will be due on the last day of classes (Monday, December 4). Papers submitted after this date will not be accepted.
The exams will be primarily long and short essay questions, with some brief identifications and definitions and map identifications. The final exam will not be cumulative, that is, it will only cover material presented after the midterm exam, although you will have to be familiar with the concepts and terminology presented earlier in the semester. There will be an in-class short review/questions session before each exam if necessary. Please note that the Midterm Exam is on Wednesday, October 16 (in class; 2:00-5:00 pm) and the Final Exam is on Thursday, December 21, 4:00-6:00 pm in room 329 Museum).
Class attendance is is highly recommended since the course only meets once weekly. Makeup exams will only be given in extreme cases.
I will be available during office hours, Monday 3:00 - 5:00pm, if you have any questions regarding the course material, or archaeology in general. I also would appreciate your comments, and will be happy to make appointments for other times if my office hours conflict with your schedule. I regularly read and answer E-mail.
CONFERENCE ON ANDEAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOHISTORY
The University of Pennsylvania Museum of
Archaeology and Anthropology will host the 15th
Annual Northeast Conference on Andean Archaeology and Ethnohistory on the
weekend of October 19-20. This conference draws top Andean scholars from all
over the United States and often from Latin America. The papers presented
traditionally have stressed new research, often reports on recent fieldwork or
important discoveries. This is a wonderful opportunity for students of
Anthropology 533 to personally meet many of the key scholars whose work we will
read and study this semester. Admission to the conference is free. The
organizers for the conference, Dr. Katherine Moore and I, would appeciate
student volunteers to help with various aspects of the hosting the conference.
Anthropology 533
ANDEAN ARCHAEOLOGY
Fall 1996
Professor Clark L. Erickson
BOOKS PLACED ON RESERVE IN UNIVERSITY MUSEUM LIBRARY
Fall 1994
Burger, Richard
1992 Chavin and the Origins of Andean Civilization. Thames and Hudson, New
York.
Keatinge, Richard W.
1988 Peruvian Prehistory. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Donnan, Christopher
1985 Early Ceremonial Centers in the Andes. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington D.C.
Moseley, Michael E.
1975 The Maritime Origins of Civilization. Cummings, Menlo Park
Haas, Pozorski and Shelia Pozorski eds.
1989 The Origins and Development of the Andean State. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge.
Lumbreras, Luis
1976 The Peoples and Cultures of Ancient Peru. Smithsonian Institution Press,
Washington D. C.
Willy, Gordon R.
1971 An Introduction to American Archaeology: Volume 2: South America.
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
Murra, John V.
1980 The Economic Organization of the Inca State. JAI Press.
Murra, John V., Nathan Watchel, and Jacques Revel editors
1987 Anthropological History of Andean Polities. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge.
Moseley, Michael E.
1992 The Incas and Their Ancestors: The Archaeology of Peru. Thames and Hudson,
London.
Patterson, Thomas C.
1991 The Inca Empire: The Formation and Disintegration of a Pre-Capitalist
State. Berg, New York.
Stanish, Charles
1992 Ancient Andean Political Economy. University of Texas Press, Austin.
Stone-Miller, Rebecca 1995 Art of the Andes: From Chavin to Inca. Thames and
Hudson, London.
Anthropology 533
ANDEAN ARCHAEOLOGY
Fall 1996
Professor Clark L. Erickson
NEW BOOKS, CLASSICS, REFERENCE MATERIALS, AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES
Alva, Walter and Christopher Donnan
1993 Royal Tombs of Sip n. Fowler Museum of Cultural History, Los Angeles.
Aveni, Anthony editor
1990 The Nasca Lines. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.
Bauer, Brian S.
1992 The Development of the Inca State. University of Texas Press, Austin.
Bauer, Brian S. and David S. P. Dearborn
1995 Astronomy and Empire in the Ancient Andes. University of Texas Press,
Austin.
Bruhns, Karen
1994 Ancient South America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Burger, Richard
1992 Chavin and the Origins of Andean Civilization. Thames and Hudson, New
York.
D'Altroy, Terence
1992 Provincial Power in the Inka Empire. Smithsonian Institute, Washington
D.C.
Dillehay, Thomas D. ed.
1989 Monte Verde: A Late Pleistocene Settlement in Chile. Smithsonian Institute
Press, Washington DC.
Donnan, Christopher ed.
1984 Early Ceremonial Architecture in the Andes. Dumbarton Oaks Research
Library and Collection, Washington D.C.
Donnan, Christopher
1978 Moche Art of Peru: Pre-Columbian Symbolic Communication. Museum of
Cultural History, University of California, Los Angeles.
Dover, Robert V. H., Katharine E. Seibold, and John H. McDowell editors
1992 Andean Cosmologies through Time: Persistence and Emergence. Indiana
University Press, Bloomington.
Gaspirini, G. and L. Margolies
1980 Inca Architecture. Indiana Univerisity Press, Bloomington.
Haas, Jonathan, Shelia Pozorski, and Thomas Pozorski eds.
1987 The Origins and Development of the Andean State. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge.
Hadingham, Evan
1987 Lines to the Mountain Gods. Random House, New York.
Hastorf, Christine A.
1993 Agriculture and the onset of Political Inequality before the Inka.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Hyslop, John
1990 Inka Settlement Planning. University of Texas Press, Austin.
Hyslop, John
1985 The Inka Road System. Academic Press, New York.
Isbell, William and Gordon F. McEwan editors
1991 Huari Administrative Structure: Prehistoric Monumental Architecture and
State Goverment. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.
Jennings, Jesse ed.
1983 Ancient South Americans. W. Freeman, San Francisco.
Keatinge, Richard W. ed.
1988 Peruvian Prehistory: An Overview of Pre-Inca and Inca Society. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
Kolata, Alan L.
1993 The Tiwanaku: Portrait of an Andean Civilization. Blackwell, Cambridge.
Lanning, Edward
1967 Peru Before the Incas. Englewood-Cliffs, NJ.
Lathrap, Donald W.
1970 The Upper Amazon. Thames and Hudson, London.
Lumbreras, Luis
1974 The Peoples and Cultures of Ancient Peru. Smithsonian Institute Press,
Washington D.C.
Malpass, Michael A. ed.
1993 Provincial Inca: Archaeological and Ethnohistorical Assessment of the
Impact of the Inca State. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City.
Masuda, Shozo, Craig Morris, and Izumi Shimada, eds.
1985 Andean Ecology and Civilization. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Moseley, Michael C.
1975 The Maritime Origins of Andean Civilization. Cummings, Menlo Park, CA.
Moseley, M. E. and K. C. Day eds.
1982 Chan Chan: Andean Desert City. University of New Mexico Press,
Albuquerque.
Murra, John V.
1980 The Economic Organization of the Inca State. J.A.I. Press,
Murra, John V., Nathan Wachtel, and Jacques Revel eds.
1986 Anthropological History of Andean Polities. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge.
Pasternosto, Cesar
1996 The Stone and the Thread: Andean Roots of Abstract Art. Univesity of Texas
Press, Austin.
Patterson, Thomas C.
1992 The Inca Empire: The Formation and Disintegration of a Pre-Capitalist
State. Berg, Oxford.
Paul, Anne ed.
1991 Paracas: Art and Architecture: Objects and Context in South Coastal Peru.
University of Iowa Press, Iowa City.
Rostworowski de Diez Canseco, Maria and Michael E. Moseley eds.
1990 The Northern Dynasties: Kinship and Statecraft in Chimor. Dumbarton Oask
Research Library and Collection, Washington DC.
Salomon, Frank
1987 The Ethnic Lords of Quito. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Schreiber, Katharina J.
1992 Wari Imperialism in Middle Horizon Peru. Anthropological Papers no. 87 ,
Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Shimada, Izumi
1994 Pampa Grande and the Mochica Culture. University of Texas Press, Austin.
Silverblatt, Irene
1987 Moon, Sun, and Witches: Gender Ideologies and Class in Inca and Colonial
Peru. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Silverman, Helaine
1994 Cahuachi: An Andean Ceremonial Center. University of Iowa Press, Iowa
City.
Stanish, Charles
1992 Ancient Andean Political Economy. University of Texas Press, Austin.
Steward, Julian ed.
1963 Handbook of South American Indians: Volume II, the Andean Region. U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington DC.
Stone-Miller, Rebecca
1995 Art of the Andes: From Chavin to Inca. Thames and Hudson, London.
Townsend, Richard editor
1992 The Ancient Americas: Art from Sacred Landscapes. Art Institute of
Chicago, Chicago.
Urton, Gary
1990 The History of a Myth: Pacariqtambo and the Origin of the Inkas.
University of Texas Press, Austin.
Wachtel, Nathan
1977 The Vision of the Vanquished: The Spanish Conquest of Peru through Indian
Eyes. Barnes and Noble, New York.
Willey, Gordon
1971 An Introduction to American Archaeology: Volume Two, South America.
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Winterhalder, Bruce P. and R. Brook Thomas
1978 Geoecology of Southern Highland Peru: A Human Adaptation Perspective.
Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, Occasional paper no. 27, University of
Colorado, Boulder.
Zuidema, R. Tom
1990 Inca Civilization in Cuzco. University of Texas Press, Austin.
Zuidema, R. Tom
1964 The Ceque System of Cuzco: The Social Organization of the Capital of the
Inca. E. J. Brill, Leiden.
SELECTED JOURNALS AND PERIODICALS THAT COVER ANDEAN ARCHAEOLOGY
Allpanchis (Cuzco)
American Antiquity
Antiquity Archaeology
American Anthropologist
Baessler-Archiv
Boletin del Instituto Frances de Estudios Andinos
Boletin de Lima (Lima)
Chungara (Tarapac )
Current Anthropology
Gaceta de Arqueol¢gica Andina (Lima)
Journal of Field Archaeology
Journal de la Soci‚t‚ de Am‚ricanistes de Paris
Latin American Antiquity
National Geographic Research
Nawpa Pacha
PumaPunku (La Paz)
Revista Andina (Cuzco)
Revista del Museo Nacional (Lima)
Tawantinsuyu
Willay
RECENT ANDEAN ETHNOGRAPHIES
Allen, Catherine
1988 The Hold Life Has: Coca and Cultural Identity in an Andean Community.
Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington D.C.
Bastien, Joseph W.
1987 Healers of the Andes: Kallawaya Herbalists and Their Medicional Plants.
University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
Bastien, Joseph W.
1985 Mountain of the Condor: Metaphor and Ritual in an Andean Ayllu. Waveland
Press, Prospect Heights, Il.
Bolton, Ralph and Enrique Mayer eds.
1977 Andean Kinship and Marriage American Anthropological Association Special
Publication no. 7, Washington D.C.
Brush, Stephen
1977 Mountain, Field, and Family: The Economy and Human Ecology of an Andean
Village. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.
Flannery, Kent V., Joyce Marcus, and Robert G. Reynolds
1989 The Flocks of the Wamani: A Study of Llama Herders on the Punas of
Ayacucho, Peru. Academic Press, New York.
Flores Ochoa, Jorge
1968 Pastoralists of the Andes: The Alpaca Herders of Paratia. Ishi,
Philadelphia.
Guillet, David W.
1992 Covering Ground: Communal Water Management and the State in the Peruvian
Highlands. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.
Isbell, B. J.
1985 To Defend Ourselves: Ecology and Ritual in an Andean Village. Waveland
Press, Prospect Heights, Il.
Meyerson, Julia
1990 'Tambo: Life in an Andean Village. University of Texas Press, Austin.
Morales, Edmundo
1989 Cocaine: White Gold Rush in Peru. University of New Mexico Press,
Albuquerque.
Sallnow, Michael J.
1987 Pilgrims of the Andes: Regional Cults in Cusco. Smithsonian Institute
Press, Washington D.C.
Saloman, Frank and George L. Urioste eds. and translators
1991 The Huarochir¡ Manuscript: A Testament of Ancient and Colonial Andean
Religion. University of Texas Press, Austin.
Urton, Gary
1981 At the Crossroads of the Earth and the Sky: An Andean Cosmology.
University of Texas Press, Austin.
Anthropology 533
ANDEAN ARCHAEOLOGY
Fall 1996
Professor Clark L. Erickson
COURSE SYLLABUS
September 4:
Introduction to the Course; Course Requirements; Readings.
September 11:
Cultural and Physical Geography; Chronology; Short History of South American
Archaeology; The Concept of "Andean;" The Roots of Prehispanic Andean
Society.
Moseley Text: p. 7-24, 25-70
Bennett in Reader
Pozorski and Pozorski "Chronology" in Reader
Murra "Limits and Limitations" in Reader
Burger Text: Chapt. 1
September 18:
Peopling of the Continent. Pleistocene and Post-Pleistocene Lifeways.
Moseley Text: pp. 81-97
Rick in Reader
Chauchat in Reader
Dillahay in Reader
Bryan in Reader
Marshall in Reader
September 25:
Highland and Lowland Subsistence in the Preceramic; Domestication of Plants
and Animals, Agricultural Systems.
Moseley Text: pp. 94-121
Rick in Reader (skim)
Murra "Rite and Crop" in Reader
Wilson in Reader
Raymond in Reader
Quilter and Stocker in Reader
Burger Text: Chapt. 2
October 2:
Initial Period U-Shaped Temples and the Rise of Complex Society; Real Alto
and Valdivia Culture, Andean Highland and Tropical Forest Interaction.
Moseley Text: pp. 123-145
Lathrap et al. in Reader
Isbell "Cosmological Order" in Reader
Hass in Reader
Burger Text: Chapt 3-4
October 9:
Chavin and the Early Horizon; Andean State Formation.
Moseley Text: pp. 152-159
Patterson Text: Chapt. 1
Lathrap "Gifts" in Reader
Lathrap et al. in Reader
Pozorski and Pozorski "Chavin" in Reader
Haas in Reader (skim)
Burger Text: Chapt. 5, 6, 7, 8
October 16:
MIDTERM EXAM
October 19-20:
15th Annual Northeast Conference on Andean
Archaeology and Ethnohistory (University of Pennsylvania Museum of
Archaeology and Anthropology).
October 23:
Paracas, Nazca and Moche Cultures of the Early Intermediate Period
Moseley Text: pp. 150-152, 161-202
Aveni and Silverman "Between the Lines" in Reader
Aveni in Reader pp. 326-328
October 30:
Early Cultures of the Lake Titicaca Basin and Cuzco, Evolution of Farming
Systems
Moseley Text: pp. 145-150
Conklin and Moseley in Keatinge pp. 158-163
Erickson in Reader
Browman "New Light" in Reader, pp. 408-415
November 6:
Pachacamac, the Ceremonial Center, and Andean Pilgrimage; Film "In the
Footsteps of Taytacha."
Burger Text: pp. 193-5
Patterson Text: pp. 88-92
November 13:
The Expansionist Empires: Tiwanaku and Wari.
Moseley Text: 202-230
Isbell "City and State" in Reader
Browman "New Light" in Reader, pp. 415-419
Kolata and Ponce in Reader
Kolata "Technology and Organization" in Reader
November 20:
The Late Intermediate Period: The Chimu, Aymara and North Coast Kingdoms;
The Roots of the Inca Empire.
Moseley Text: pp. 231-262
Moseley "Good Old Days" in Reader
Browman "Tectonic" in Reader
Conrad "Cultural Materialism" and "Reply" in Reader
Isbel "Comment" in Reader
Paulsen "Comment" in Reader
November 27:
The Inca Empire.
Patterson Text: Chapt 1 (skim); Chapt. 2-4
Moseley Text: pp. 65-79
Isbell "Cosmological Order" in Reader (skim)
Murra "Limits" in Reader (skim)
Murra "Rite and Crop" in Reader (skim)
Wachtel in Reader
Aveni "Astroarchaeology" in Reader
Patterson in Reader (skim)
December 4:
The Inca Empire (continued).
December 19:
FINAL EXAM (Thursday, December 19, 4:00 - 6:00pm in Room 329 University
Museum)
PLEASE NOTE
This is a tentative schedule which is subject to change. Additional readings
may be assigned throughout the semester. Copies will be placed in a course box
"Anth533" on reserve in the University Museum Library. There is a
possibility that visiting Andean scholars will give on-campus lectures by
during the semester. Student attendance will be optional (but expected) at
these events.
Anthropology 533
ANDEAN ARCHAEOLOGY
Fall 1996
Professor Clark L. Erickson
Table of Contents of Reader
Bennett, Wendell C.
1948 The Peruvian Co-Tradition. In A Reappraisal of Peruvian Archaeology edited
by W. C. Bennett, Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology, Menasha, pp.
1-7.
Pozorski, Shelia and Thomas Pozorski
1987 Chronology. In The Origins and Development of the Andean State, edited by
J. Haas, S. Pozorski and T. Pozorski, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
pp. 5-8.
Dillehay, Tom D.
1987 By the Banks of the Chinchihuapi. Natural History 98(4):8- 12.
Bryan, Alan L.
1987 Points of Order. Natural History 98(6):7-10.
Marshall, Eliot
1991
Clovis Counterrevolution. Science 249:738-741.
Rick, John
1988 The Character and Context of Highland Preceramic Society. In Peruvian
Prehistory. edited by Richard W. Keatinge, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, pp. 3-40.
Chauchat, Claude
1988 Early Hunter-Gatherers on the Peruvian Coast. In Peruvian Prehistory.
edited by Richard W. Keatinge, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp.
41-66.
Murra, John V.
1986 The Limits and Limitations of the "Vertical Archipelago" in the
Andes. Andean Ecology and Civilization edited by S. Masuda, I. Shimada, and C.
Morris, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, pp. 15-20.
Wilson, David J.
1981 Of Maize and Men: A Critique of the Maritime Hypothesis of State Origins
on the Coast of Peru. American Anthropologist 83:93-120.
Raymond, J. Scott
1981 The Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization: A Reconsideration of the
Evidence. American Antiquity 46(4):806- 821.
Quilter, Jeffry and Terry Stocker
1983 Subsistence Economies and the Origins of Andean Complex Societies.
American Anthropologist 85:545-562.
Lathrap, Donald W., Jorge G. Marcos, and James A. Zeidler
1977 Real Alto: An Ancient Ceremonial Center. Archaeology 30(1):2-13.
Pozorski, Thomas and Shelia Pozorski
1987 Chavin, the Early Horizon, and the Initial Perid. In The Origins and
Development of the Andean State, edited by J. Haas, S. Pozorski and T.
Pozorski, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 36-46.
Lathrap, Donald W.
1973 Gifts of the Cayman: Some Thoughts on the Subsistence Basis of Chavin. In
Variation in Anthropology, edited by D. W. Lathrap and J. Douglas, Illinois
Archaeological Survey, Urbana, pp. 91-105.
Haas, Jonathan
1987 The Exercise of Power in early Andean State Development. In The Origins
and Development of the Andean State, edited by J. Haas, S. Pozorski and T.
Pozorski, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 31-35.
Aveni, Anthony F. and Helaine Silverman
1991 Between the Lines: Reading the Nazca Markings as Rituals Writ Large. The
Sciences. July/August.
Browman, David L.
1981 New Light on Andean Tiwanaku. In American Scientist 69(4):408-419.
Kolata, Alan L. and Carlos Ponce Sangines
1992 Tiwanaku: The City at the Center. Ancient Americas: Art from Sacred
Landscapes. Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago.
Kolata, Alan L.
1991
The Technology and Organization of Agricultural Production in the Tiwanaku
State. Latin American Antiquity 2(2):99-125.
Erickson, Clark L.
1988 Raised Field Agriculture in the Lake Titicaca Basin. Expedition
30(3):8-16.
Isbell, William H.
1988 City and State in Middle Horizon Huari. In Peruvian Prehistory edited by
Richard W. Keatinge, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 164-189.
Conrad, Geoffry W.
1983 Cultural Materialism, Split Inheritance, and the Expansion of Ancient
Peruvian Empires. American Aniquity 46(1):1-42.
Isbell, William H.
1983 Comment on Conrad. American Antiquity 46(1):27-30.
Paulsen, Allison
1983
The Archaeology of the Absurd: Comments on "Cultural Materialism, Split
Inheritance, and the Expansion of Ancient Peruvian Empires. American Antiquity
46(1):31-37.
Conrad, Geoffry W.
1983 Reply to Paulsen and Isbell. American Antiquity 46(1):38- 42.
Isbell, William H.
1978 Cosmological Order Expressed in Prehistoric Ceremonial Centers. Actes de
XLIIe Congres International des Americanistes, Paris, 4:269-297.
Moseley, Michael E.
1983 The Good Old Days were Better: Agrarian Collapse and Tectonics. American
Anthropologist 85(4):773-799.
Browman, David L.
1983 Tectonic Movement and Agrarian Collapse in Prehispanic Peru. Nature
302:568-569.
Murra, John V.
1960
Rite and Crop in the Inca State. In Culture in History, Columbia University
Press, New York, pp. 393-407.
Wachtel, Nathan
1977 The Structure of the Inca State. In The Vision of the Vanquished: The
Spanish Conquest of Peru through Native Eyes, 1530-1570. Barnes and Noble, New
York, pp. 61-84.
Aveni, Anthony F.
1980 Astroarchaeology of North and South America. In Skywatchers of Ancient
Mexico, University of Texas Press, Austin, pp. 294- 311.
Patterson, Thomas C.
1986 Ideology, Class Formation, and Resistence in the Inca State. Critique of Anthropology
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