1918 |
Nov. 11 |
Armistice ends fighting |
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Dec. 12 |
PSI (Italian Socialists) declare maximalist program |
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Dec. 16/17 |
Partito Popolare Italiano (PPI) a Catholic people’s party is founded |
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1919 |
Jan. 11 |
Futurists break up reformist socialist meeting in Milan |
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Jan. 18/22 |
PSI votes to join 3rd International (Bolsheviks) organization |
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Mar 23 |
Fascio di combattimento founded by Mussolini in Piazza San Sepolcro (Milan) |
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April 15 |
Arditi and Nationalists destroy offices of L’Avanti in Milan |
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April 19 |
Prime Minister Orlando declares Italy’s acceptance of the Treaty of London and renounces Fiume. |
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May 4 |
D’Annunzio declares it’s time for another "Radiant May |
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Sept. 12 |
D’Annunzio and his legionaires seize Fiume |
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Nov. 16 |
Elections based on proportional representation: of 508 seats PSI win 156, PPI 100, Fascists less than 5% and no seats. |
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1920 |
Jan. 1 |
Mussolini editorial – rejects all creeds and doctrines |
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April 13-23 |
General strike in Turin |
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June 15 |
Giolitti forms government in Italy |
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Aug 31 |
Factory occupation begins in Italian industry |
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Oct. 14 |
Serrati, PSI leader, rejects Lenin’s demand for split with reformists |
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Oct. 26 |
First fascist "squad" formed in Ferrara |
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Nov. 7 |
Local elections: PSI wins control 2022 out of 8,346 communes; PPI win 1613. Coalitions of Liberals and Democrats control the rest. |
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Nov 12 |
Treaty of Rapallo between Italy and Yugoslavia-Fiume to be independent |
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Nov. 18 |
Fascists declare street war against "Bolsheviks" |
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Nov. 21 |
Fascists attack Socialists in Bologna. PSI councilor killed |
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Dec. 25 |
"Natale di sangue" (Christmas of Blood) Giolitti seizes Fiume and ends occupation |
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1921 |
Jan. 21 |
PSI congress at Livorno splits on Lenin’s demands; Italian communist party (PCI) founded. |
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Feb. 6 |
Mussolini speech in Trieste: defends inaction over Fiume |
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April 6 |
Troops occupy factories; lockouts begin |
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May 15 |
General elections: PSI 122, PCI 16, PPI 107, PNF(Fascists), Liberals 275 |
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June 21 |
Mussolini’s first speech in the Chamber of Deputies |
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June 25 |
Giolitti resigns |
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Aug. 3 |
Pact of pacification signed |
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Aug. 16 |
Fascists in Bologna reject Pact of Pacification and Mussolini resigns, not accepted by Grand Council of Fascism |
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Sept 12 |
Squads carry out "punitive expedition" against Ravenna |
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1922 |
Jan 22 |
Benedict XV dies; |
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Feb 6 |
Achille Ratti, Archbishop of Milan, elected as Pius XI |
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July 19 |
Facta cabinet resigns – Italy without government |
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July 30 |
Togliatti attacks Turati as "social fascist" (divisions on left widen) |
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Aug 1-8 |
Fascists occupy large parts of northern Italy |
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Aug 9 |
Second Facta government formed |
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Oct. 23 |
Fascist congress in Naples begins |
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Oct. 26 |
"March on Rome" begins |
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Oct. 28 |
Mussolini called to Rome to form government |
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Nov 25 |
Chamber gives Mussolini "full powers" |
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1923 |
July 11 |
Don Luigi Sturzo resigns as head of PPI |
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Aug. 25 |
Don Minzoni, a priest, murdered by Fascists in Ferrara |
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1924 |
April 6 |
General elections held on Acerbo law basis. Fascists win two thirds of seats |
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June 10 |
Giacomo Matteotti kidnapped and murdered |
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1925 |
Jan. 3 |
Mussolini assumes responsibility for everything that has happened. Fascism now fully established. |