Rome in the Thirteenth Century
Political contexts
- Role of papacy (including political and legal thought)
- European politics
- politics in and around Rome
Cultural contexts
- European visual culture
- Religious practice
Role of pope
Increasing role in regulating behavior of all Christians
1215-16 Lateran IV
Compare: Kingship in 13th c
Curia notaries
New forms of spirituality
Mendicant orders: Dominicans and Franciscans
From Innocent III to Boniface VIII
Role of Papacy in European political world
A long-term pattern: pope versus emperor
(Hohen)Staufen dynasty and Frederick II 1194-1250
Frederick Barbarossa (d. 1190)
Henry VI (d. 1197) m. Constance of Sicily (d. 1198)
Guardian: Innocent III (r. 1196-1216) ( tutor became Honorius III, r. 1216-1227)
Crusade and Kingdom of Jerusalem
--excommunication (temporary)
Enmity of Papacy (Innocent IV, r. 1243-54)
excommunicated, declared deposed
After death of Frederick
Legitimate heir Conrad d. 1254
No king in Germany again until 1273
No imperial coronation until 1312: Henry VII (house of Luxemburg)
Guelf-Ghibelline (Welf-Waiblingen)
Illegitimate heir: Manfred (d. 1266)
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Manfred Crowned king of Sicily, 1258. Giovanni Villani, Cronaca. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Cod. Chigi L VIII 296, fol. 85r. |
1266: Battle of Benevento
Death, defeat of Manfred
Charles of Anjou (brother: Louis IX)
1268 defeat of Conradin (son of Conrad)
Alliance pattern: Rome, Naples/Sicily, Florence, France
1282: Sicilian Vespers: Peter of Aragon
Rome and pilgrims
Undated miscellany; Oratio de sancta Veronica followed by Mirabilia Rome, Bibliotheca Hertziana: Dg 450-891 Coll. rom. fol. 15v |
Mirabilia. Rome: Blado, 1516 |
“The Veronica: (Sudarium): at Hospital of Santo Spirito (Borgo), to St Peters 1297
Pilgrim with Veronica at top of his hat. Detail: Triumph of the Church Militant (1366-7), Spanish Chapel, Santa Maria Novella, Florence |
Fifteenth-century pilgrim badge. London, British Museum |
Fifteenth-century pilgrim badge. London, Museum of London |
1300 Jubilee: Boniface VIII
Boniface VIII (c. 1230 – 11 October 1303), pope from Dec. 1294
Caetani family
feud with Colonna family (Palestrina)
feud with Philip IV: taxes, authority
1296 Clericis laicos
1302 Unam sanctam
Benedict XI
Clement V